Micrornas and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

Described herein are polynucleotides associated with prostate and lung cancer. The polynucleotides are miRNAs and miRNA precursors. Related methods and compositions that can be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of those medical conditions are disclosed. Also described herein are methods that can be used to identify modulators of prostate and lung cancer.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of the International Application No. PCT/US2005/16986, filed May 14, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/709,577, filed May 14, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,687,616, and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/709,572, filed May 14, 2004, and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/666,340, filed Mar. 30, 2005, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/665,094, filed Mar. 25, 2005, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/662,742, filed Mar. 17, 2005, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/593,329, filed Jan. 6, 2005, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/593,081, filed Dec. 8, 2004, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/522,860, filed Nov. 15, 2004, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/522,457, filed Oct. 4, 2004, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/522,452, filed Oct. 3, 2004, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/522,449, filed Oct. 3, 2004, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates in general to microRNA molecules as well as various nucleic acid molecules relating thereto or derived therefrom.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA oligonucleotides of approximately 22 nucleotides that are involved in gene regulation. MicroRNAs regulate gene expression by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. Although miRNAs are present in a wide range of species including C. elegans, Drosophilla and humans, they have only recently been identified. More importantly, the role of miRNAs in the development and progression of disease has only recently become appreciated.

As a result of their small size, miRNAs have been difficult to identify using standard methodologies. A limited number of miRNAs have been identified by extracting large quantities of RNA. MiRNAs have also been identified that contribute to the presentation of visibly discernable phenotypes. Expression array data shows that miRNAs are expressed in different developmental stages or in different tissues. The restriction of miRNAs to certain tissues or at limited developmental stages indicates that the miRNAs identified to date are likely only a small fraction of the total miRNAs.

Computational approaches have recently been developed to identify the remainder of miRNAs in the genome. Tools such as MiRscan and MiRseeker have identified miRNAs that were later experimentally confirmed. Based on these computational tools, it has been estimated that the human genome contains 200-255 miRNA genes. These estimates are based on an assumption, however, that the miRNAs remaining to be identified will have the same properties as those miRNAs already identified. Based on the fundamental importance of miRNAs in mammalian biology and disease, the art needs to identify unknown miRNAs. The present invention satisfies this need and provides a significant number of miRNAs and uses therefore.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related to an isolated nucleic acid comprising a sequence of a pri-miRNA, pre-miRNA, miRNA, miRNA*, anti-miRNA, or a miRNA binding site, or a variant thereof. The nucleic acid may comprise the sequence of a hairpin referred to in Table 1; the sequence of sequence identifiers 6757248-6894882 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, which is incorporated herein by reference; the sequence of sequence identifiers 1-6318 or 18728-18960 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, which is incorporated herein by reference; the sequence of a miRNA referred to in Table 1; the sequence of sequence identifiers 1-117750 or 6894883-10068177 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, which is incorporated herein by reference; the sequence of sequence identifiers 6319-18727 or 18961-19401 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, which is incorporated herein by reference; the sequence of a target gene binding site referred to in Table 4; the sequence of sequence identifiers 117751-6757247 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, which is incorporated herein by reference; a complement thereof; or a sequence comprising at least 12 contiguous nucleotides at least 60% identical thereto. The isolated nucleic acid may be from 5-250 nucleotides in length.

The present invention is also related to a probe comprising the nucleic acid. The probe may comprise at least 8-22 contiguous nucleotides complementary to a miRNA referred to in Table 2 as differentially expressed in prostate cancer or lung cancer.

The present invention is also related to a plurality of the probes. The plurality of probes may comprise at least one probe complementary to each miRNA referred to in Table 2 as differentially expressed in prostate cancer. The plurality of probes may also comprise at least one probe complementary to each miRNA referred to in Table 2 as differentially expressed in lung cancer.

The present invention is also related to a composition comprising a probe or plurality of probes.

The present invention is also related to a biochip comprising a solid substrate, said substrate comprising a plurality of probes. Each of the probes may be attached to the substrate at a spatially defined address. The biochip may comprise probes that are complementary to a miRNA referred to in Table 2 as differentially expressed in prostate cancer. The biochip may also comprise probes that are complementary to a miRNA referred to in Table 2 as differentially expressed in lung cancer.

The present invention is also related to a method of detecting differential expression of a disease-associated miRNA. A biological sample may be provide and the level of a nucleic acid measured that is at least 70% identical to a sequence of a miRNA referred to in Table 1; the sequence of sequence identifiers 1-117750 or 6894883-10068177 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, which is incorporated herein by reference; the sequence of sequence identifiers 6319-18727 or 18961-19401 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, which is incorporated herein by reference; or variants thereof. A difference in the level of the nucleic acid compared to a control is indicative of differential expression.

The present invention is also related to a method of identifying a compound that modulates a pathological condition. A cell may be provided that is capable of expressing a nucleic acid at least 70% identical to a sequence of a miRNA referred to in Table 1; the sequence of sequence identifiers 1-117750 or 6894883-10068177 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, which is incorporated herein by reference; the sequence of sequence identifiers 6319-18727 or 18961-19401 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, which is incorporated herein by reference; or variants thereof. The cell may be contacted with a candidate modulator and then measuring the level of expression of the nucleic acid. A difference in the level of the nucleic acid compared to a control identifies the compound as a modulator of a pathological condition associated with the nucleic acid.

The present invention is also related to a method of inhibiting expression of a target gene in a cell. Into the cell, a nucleic acid may be introduced in an amount sufficient to inhibit expression of the target gene. The target gene may comprise a binding site substantially identical to a binding site referred to in Table 4; a sequence of sequence identifiers 117751-6757247 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, which is incorporated herein by reference; or a variant thereof. The nucleic acid may comprise a sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 1-760616; a sequence of sequence identifiers 1-117750 and 6757248-10068177 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, which is incorporated herein by reference; a sequence set forth on the Sequence Listing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, which is incorporated herein by reference; or a variant thereof. Expression of the target gene may be inhibited in vitro or in vivo.

The present invention is also related to a method of increasing expression of a target gene in a cell. Into the cell, a nucleic acid may be introduced in an amount sufficient to inhibit expression of the target gene. The target gene may comprise a binding site substantially identical to a binding site referred to in Table 4; a sequence of sequence identifiers 117751-6757247 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, which is incorporated herein by reference; or a variant thereof. The nucleic acid may comprise a sequence substantially complementary to SEQ ID NOS: 1-760616; a sequence of sequence identifiers 1-117750 and 6757248-10068177 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, which is incorporated herein by reference; a sequence set forth on the Sequence Listing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, which is incorporated herein by reference; or a variant thereof. Expression of the target gene may be inhibited in vitro or in vivo. Expression of the target gene may be increased in vitro or in vivo.

The present invention is also related to a method of treating a patient with a disorder set forth on Table 6 comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a nucleic acid comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 1-760616; a sequence set forth on the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, which is incorporated herein by reference; a sequence set forth on the Sequence Listing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, which is incorporated herein by reference; or a variant thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEQUENCE LISTING AND TABLES

Reference is made to the appendix submitted on the compact disc submitted herewith. The compact disc contains “Seq.List.txt” 168,151 KB, Apr. 29, 2009), which is a Sequence Listing in accordance with 37 C.F.R. §§1.821-1.825, and the following tables: TABLE 1.TXT (968 KB, May 12, 2005); TABLE 2.TXT (1.327 MB, May 12, 2005); TABLE 4.TXT (10.857 MB, May 12, 2005); and TABLE 5.TXT (986 KB, May 12, 2005), the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

LENGTHY TABLES The patent contains a lengthy table section. A copy of the table is available in electronic form from the USPTO web site (http://seqdata.uspto.gov/?pageRequest=docDetail&DocID=US07709616B2). An electronic copy of the table will also be available from the USPTO upon request and payment of the fee set forth in 37 CFR 1.19(b)(3).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 demonstrates a model of maturation for miRNAs.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of the MC19 cluster on 19q13.42. Panel A shows the ˜500,000 bp region of chromosome 19, from 58,580,001 to 59,080,000 (according to the May 2004 USCS assembly), in which the cluster is located including the neighboring protein-coding genes. The MC19-1 cluster is indicated by a rectangle. Mir-371, mir-372, and mir-373 are indicted by lines. Protein coding genes flanking the cluster are represented by large arrow-heads. Panel B shows a detailed structure of the MC19-1 miRNA cluster. A region of ˜102,000 bp, from 58,860,001 to 58,962,000 (according to the May 2004 USCS assembly), is presented. MiRNA precursors are represented by a black bars. It should be noted that all miRNAs are at the same orientation from left to right. Shaded areas around miRNA precursors represent repeating units in which the precursor is embedded. The location of mir-371, mir-372, and mir-373, is also presented.

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of multiple sequence alignment of 35 human repeat units at distinct size of ˜690 nt (A) and 26 chimpanzees repeat units (B). The graph was generated by calculating a similarity score for each position in the alignment with an averaging sliding window of 10 nt (Maximum score-1, minimum score-0). The repeat unit sequences were aligned by ClustalW program. Each position of the resulting alignment was assigned a score which represented the degree of similarity at this position. The region containing the miRNA precursors is bordered by vertical lines. The exact location of the mature miRNAs derived from the 5′ stems (5p) and 3′ stems (3p) of the precursors is indicted by vertical lines.

FIG. 4 shows sequence alignments of the 43 A-type pre-miRNAs of the MC19-1 cluster. Panel A shows the multiple sequence alignment with the Position of the mature miRNAs marked by a frame. The consensus sequence is shown at the bottom. Conserved nucleotides are colored as follows: black-100%, dark grey-80% to 99%, and clear grey-60% to 79%. Panel B shows alignments of consensus mature A-type miRNAs with the upstream human cluster of mir-371, mir-372, miR-373. Panel C shows alignments of consensus mature A-type miRNAs with the hsa-mir-371-373 mouse orthologous cluster. The miRNAs hsa-miR-A1 through hsa-miR-A43 of panel A have SEQ ID NOs: 760625 through 760667. respectively. In panel B, the following miRNAs have the following sequences: hsa-miR-371, 3p (SEQ ID NO: 760668), hsa-miR-372, 3p (SEQ ID NO: 760669), hsa-miR-373. 3p (SEQ ID NO: 760670). hsa-miR-A-3p (consensus) (SEQ ID NO: 760671), hsa-miR-373-5-p (SEQ ID NO: 760672), hsa-miR-A-5p (consensus)(SEQ ID NO: 760678). In panel C. the following miRNAs have the following sequences: hsa-miR-302a (SEQ ID NO: 760673), hsa-miR-302b (SEQ ID NO: 760674), hsa-miR-302c (SEQ ID NO: 760675), hsa-miR-302d (SEQ ID NO: 760676), and hsa-miR-A-3p (consensus)(SEQ ID NO: 760677).

FIG. 5 shows expression analysis of the MC19-1 miRNAs. Panel A shows a Northern blot analysis of two selected A-type miRNAs. Expression was analyzed using total RNA from human brain (B), liver (L), thymus (T), placenta (P) and HeLa cells (H). The expression of mir-98 and ethidium bromide staining of the tRNA band served as control. Panel B shows RT-PCR analysis of the mRNA transcript containing the A-type miRNA precursors. Reverse transcription of 5ÿg total RNA from placenta was performed using oligo-dT. This was followed by PCR using the denoted primers (indicated by horizontal arrows). The region examined is illustrated at the top. Vertical black bars represent the pre-miRNA; shaded areas around the pre-miRNAs represent the repeating units; the location of four ESTs is indicted at the right side; the poly-A site, as found in the ESTs and located downstream to a AATAAA consensus, is indicated by a vertical arrow. The fragments expected from RT-PCR using three primer combinations are indicated below the illustration of the cluster region. The results of the RT-PCR analysis are presented below the expected fragments. Panel C shows the sequencing strategy of the FR2 fragment. The fragment was cloned into the pTZ57R\T vector and sequenced using external and internal primers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides nucleotide sequences of miRNAs, precursors thereto, targets thereof and related sequences. Such nucleic acids are useful for diagnostic purposes, and also for modifying target gene expression. Other aspects of the invention will become apparent to the skilled artisan by the following description of the invention.

1. Definitions

Before the present compounds, products and compositions and methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

a. Animal

“Animal” as used herein may mean fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, such as mice, rats, rabbits, goats, cats, dogs, cows, apes and humans.

b. Attached

“Attached” or “immobilized” as used herein to refer to a probe and a solid support may mean that the binding between the probe and the solid support is sufficient to be stable under conditions of binding, washing, analysis, and removal. The binding may be covalent or non-covalent. Covalent bonds may be formed directly between the probe and the solid support or may be formed by a cross linker or by inclusion of a specific reactive group on either the solid support or the probe or both molecules. Non-covalent binding may be one or more of electrostatic, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic interactions. Included in non-covalent binding is the covalent attachment of a molecule, such as streptavidin, to the support and the non-covalent binding of a biotinylated probe to the streptavidin. Immobilization may also involve a combination of covalent and non-covalent interactions.

c. Biological Sample

“Biological sample” as used herein may mean a sample of biological tissue or fluid that comprises nucleic acids. Such samples include, but are not limited to, tissue isolated from animals. Biological samples may also include sections of tissues such as biopsy and autopsy samples, frozen sections taken for histologic purposes, blood, plasma, serum, sputum, stool, tears, mucus, hair, and skin. Biological samples also include explants and primary and/or transformed cell cultures derived from patient tissues. A biological sample may be provided by removing a sample of cells from an animal, but can also be accomplished by using previously isolated cells (e.g., isolated by another person, at another time, and/or for another purpose), or by performing the methods of the invention in vivo. Archival tissues, such as those having treatment or outcome history, may also be used.

d. Complement

“Complement” or “complementary” as used herein may mean Watson-Crick or Hoogsteen base pairing between nucleotides or nucleotide analogs of nucleic acid molecules.

e. Differential Expression

“Differential expression” may mean qualitative or quantitative differences in the temporal and/or cellular gene expression patterns within and among cells and tissue. Thus, a differentially expressed gene can qualitatively have its expression altered, including an activation or inactivation, in, e.g., normal versus disease tissue. Genes may be turned on or turned off in a particular state, relative to another state thus permitting comparison of two or more states. A qualitatively regulated gene will exhibit an expression pattern within a state or cell type which may be detectable by standard techniques. Some genes will be expressed in one state or cell type, but not in both. Alternatively, the difference in expression may be quantitative, e.g., in that expression is modulated, either up-regulated, resulting in an increased amount of transcript, or down-regulated, resulting in a decreased amount of transcript. The degree to which expression differs need only be large enough to quantify via standard characterization techniques such as expression arrays, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, northern analysis, and RNase protection.

f. Gene

“Gene” used herein may be a genomic gene comprising transcriptional and/or translational regulatory sequences and/or a coding region and/or non-translated sequences (e.g., introns, 5′- and 3′-untranslated sequences). The coding region of a gene may be a nucleotide sequence coding for an amino acid sequence or a functional RNA, such as tRNA, rRNA, catalytic RNA, siRNA, miRNA and antisense RNA. A gene may also be an mRNA or cDNA corresponding to the coding regions (e.g., exons and miRNA) optionally comprising 5′- or 3′-untranslated sequences linked thereto. A gene may also be an amplified nucleic acid molecule produced in vitro comprising all or a part of the coding region and/or 5′- or 3′-untranslated sequences linked thereto.

g. Host Cell

“Host cell” used herein may be a naturally occurring cell or a transformed cell that contains a vector and supports the replication of the vector. Host cells may be cultured cells, explants, cells in vivo, and the like. Host cells may be prokaryotic cells such as E. coli, or eukaryotic cells such as yeast, insect, amphibian, or mammalian cells, such as CHO, HeLa.

h. Identity

“Identical” or “identity” as used herein in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptide sequences, may mean that the sequences have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acids that are the same over a specified region. The percentage may be calculated by comparing optimally aligning the two sequences, comparing the two sequences over the specified region, determining the number of positions at which the identical residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the specified region, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. In cases where the two sequences are of different lengths or the alignment produces staggered end and the specified region of comparison includes only a single sequence, the residues of single sequence are included in the denominator but not the numerator of the calculation. When comparing DNA and RNA, thymine (T) and uracil (U) are considered equivalent. Identity may be performed manually or by using computer sequence algorithm such as BLAST or BLAST 2.0.

i. Label

“Label” as used herein may mean a composition detectable by spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, chemical, or other physical means. For example, useful labels include ³²P, fluorescent dyes, electron-dense reagents, enzymes (e.g., as commonly used in an ELISA), biotin, digoxigenin, or haptens and other entities which can be made detectable. A label may be incorporated into nucleic acids and proteins at any position.

j. Nucleic Acid

“Nucleic acid” or “oligonucleotide” or “polynucleotide” used herein may mean at least two nucleotides covalently linked together. As will be appreciated by those in the art, the depiction of a single strand also defines the sequence of the complementary strand. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses the complementary strand of a depicted single strand. As will also be appreciated by those in the art, many variants of a nucleic acid may be used for the same purpose as a given nucleic acid. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses substantially identical nucleic acids and complements thereof. As will also be appreciated by those in the art, a single strand provides a probe for a probe that may hybridize to the target sequence under stringent hybridization conditions. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses a probe that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions.

Nucleic acids may be single stranded or double stranded, or may contain portions of both double stranded and single stranded sequence. The nucleic acid may be DNA, both genomic and cDNA, RNA, or a hybrid, where the nucleic acid may contain combinations of deoxyribo- and ribo-nucleotides, and combinations of bases including uracil, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, inosine, xanthine hypoxanthine, isocytosine and isoguanine. Nucleic acids may be obtained by chemical synthesis methods or by recombinant methods.

A nucleic acid will generally contain phosphodiester bonds, although nucleic acid analogs may be included that may have at least one different linkage, e.g., phosphoramidate, phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or O-methylphosphoroamidite linkages and peptide nucleic acid backbones and linkages. Other analog nucleic acids include those with positive backbones; non-ionic backbones, and non-ribose backbones, including those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,235,033 and 5,034,506, which are incorporated by reference. Nucleic acids containing one or more non-naturally occurring or modified nucleotides are also included within one definition of nucleic acids. The modified nucleotide analog may be located for example at the 5′-end and/or the 3′-end of the nucleic acid molecule. Representative examples of nucleotide analogs may be selected from sugar- or backbone-modified ribonucleotides. It should be noted, however, that also nucleobase-modified ribonucleotides, i.e. ribonucleotides, containing a non-naturally occurring nucleobase instead of a naturally occurring nucleobase such as uridines or cytidines modified at the 5-position, e.g. 5-(2-amino)propyl uridine, 5-bromo uridine; adenosines and guanosines modified at the 8-position, e.g. 8-bromo guanosine; deaza nucleotides, e.g. 7-deaza-adenosine; O- and N-alkylated nucleotides, e.g. N6-methyl adenosine are suitable. The 2′-OH-group may be replaced by a group selected from H, OR, R, halo, SH, SR, NH₂, NHR, NR₂ or CN, wherein R is C₁-C₆ alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl and halo is F, Cl, Br or I. Modifications of the ribose-phosphate backbone may be done for a variety of reasons, e.g., to increase the stability and half-life of such molecules in physiological environments or as probes on a biochip. Mixtures of naturally occurring nucleic acids and analogs may be made; alternatively, mixtures of different nucleic acid analogs, and mixtures of naturally occurring nucleic acids and analogs may be made.

k. Operably Linked

“Operably linked” used herein may mean that expression of a gene is under the control of a promoter with which it is spatially connected. A promoter may be positioned 5′ (upstream) or 3′ (downstream) of the gene under its control. The distance between the promoter and the gene may be approximately the same as the distance between that promoter and the gene it controls in the gene from which the promoter is derived. As is known in the art, variation in this distance can be accommodated without loss of promoter function.

l. Probe

“Probe” as used herein may mean an oligonucleotide capable of binding to a target nucleic acid of complementary sequence through one or more types of chemical bonds, usually through complementary base pairing, usually through hydrogen bond formation. Probes may bind target sequences lacking complete complementarity with the probe sequence depending upon the stringency of the hybridization conditions. There may be any number of base pair mismatches which will interfere with hybridization between the target sequence and the single stranded nucleic acids of the present invention. However, if the number of mutations is so great that no hybridization can occur under even the least stringent of hybridization conditions, the sequence is not a complementary target sequence. A probe may be single stranded or partially single and partially double stranded. The strandedness of the probe is dictated by the structure, composition, and properties of the target sequence. Probes may be directly labeled or indirectly labeled such as with biotin to which a streptavidin complex may later bind.

m. Promoter

“Promoter” as used herein may mean a synthetic or naturally-derived molecule which is capable of conferring, activating or enhancing expression of a nucleic acid in a cell. A promoter may comprise one or more specific regulatory elements to further enhance expression and/or to alter the spatial expression and/or temporal expression of same. A promoter may also comprise distal enhancer or repressor elements, which can be located as much as several thousand base pairs from the start site of transcription. A promoter may be derived from sources including viral, bacterial, fungal, plants, insects, and animals. A promoter may regulate the expression of a gene component constitutively, or differentially with respect to cell, the tissue or organ in which expression occurs or, with respect to the developmental stage at which expression occurs, or in response to external stimuli such as physiological stresses, pathogens, metal ions, or inducing agents. Representative examples of promoters include the bacteriophage T7 promoter, bacteriophage T3 promoter, SP6 promoter, lac operator-promoter, tac promoter, SV40 late promoter, SV40 early promoter, RSV-LTR promoter, CMV IE promoter, SV40 early promoter or SV40 late promoter and the CMV IE promoter.

n. Selectable Marker

“Selectable marker” used herein may mean any gene which confers a phenotype on a cell in which it is expressed to facilitate the identification and/or selection of cells which are transfected or transformed with a genetic construct. Representative examples of selectable markers include the ampicillin-resistance gene (Amp^(r)), tetracycline-resistance gene (Tc^(r)), bacterial kanamycin-resistance gene (Kan^(r)), zeocin resistance gene, the AURI-C gene which confers resistance to the antibiotic aureobasidin A, phosphinothricin-resistance gene, neomycin phosphotransferase gene (nptII), hygromycin-resistance gene, beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, green fluorescent protein-encoding gene and luciferase gene.

o. Stringent Hybridization Conditions

“Stringent hybridization conditions” used herein may mean conditions under which a first nucleic acid sequence (e.g., probe) will hybridize to a second nucleic acid sequence (e.g., target), such as in a complex mixture of nucleic acids, but to no other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5-10° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength pH. The T_(m) may be the temperature (under defined ionic strength, pH, and nucleic concentration) at which 50% of the probes complementary to the target hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium (as the target sequences are present in excess, at T_(m), 50% of the probes are occupied at equilibrium). Stringent conditions may be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.0 M sodium ion, typically about 0.01-1.0 M sodium ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., about 10-50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greater than about 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. For selective or specific hybridization, a positive signal may be at least 2 to 10 times background hybridization. Exemplary stringent hybridization conditions include the following: 50% formamide, 5×SSC, and 1% SDS, incubating at 42° C., or, 5×SSC, 1% SDS, incubating at 65° C., with wash in 0.2×SSC, and 0.1% SDS at 65° C.

p. Substantially Complementary

“Substantially complementary” used herein may mean that a first sequence is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the complement of a second sequence over a region of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more nucleotides, or that the two sequences hybridize under stringent hybridization conditions.

q. Substantially Identical

“Substantially identical” used herein may mean that a first and second sequence are at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical over a region of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more nucleotides or amino acids, or with respect to nucleic acids, if the first sequence is substantially complementary to the complement of the second sequence.

r. Target

“Target” as used herein may mean a polynucleotide that may be bound by one or more probes under stringent hybridization conditions.

s. Terminator

“Terminator” used herein may mean a sequence at the end of a transcriptional unit which signals termination of transcription. A terminator may be a 3′-non-translated DNA sequence containing a polyadenylation signal, which may facilitate the addition of polyadenylate sequences to the 3′-end of a primary transcript. A terminator may be derived from sources including viral, bacterial, fungal, plants, insects, and animals. Representative examples of terminators include the SV40 polyadenylation signal, HSV TK polyadenylation signal, CYC1 terminator, ADH terminator, SPA terminator, nopaline synthase (NOS) gene terminator of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the terminator of the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S gene, the zein gene terminator from Zea mays, the Rubisco small subunit gene (SSU) gene terminator sequences, subclover stunt virus (SCSV) gene sequence terminators, rho-independent E. coli terminators, and the lacZ alpha terminator.

t. Vector

“Vector” used herein may mean a nucleic acid sequence containing an origin of replication. A vector may be a plasmid, bacteriophage, bacterial artificial chromosome or yeast artificial chromosome. A vector may be a DNA or RNA vector. A vector may be either a self-replicating extrachromosomal vector or a vector which integrate into a host genome.

2. MicroRNA

While not being bound by theory, the current model for the maturation of mammalian miRNAs is shown in FIG. 1. A gene coding for a miRNA may be transcribed leading to production of an miRNA precursor known as the pri-miRNA. The pri-miRNA may be part of a polycistronic RNA comprising multiple pri-miRNAs. The pri-miRNA may form a hairpin with a stem and loop. As indicated on FIG. 1, the stem may comprise mismatched bases.

The hairpin structure of the pri-miRNA may be recognized by Drosha, which is an RNase III endonuclease. Drosha may recognize terminal loops in the pri-miRNA and cleave approximately two helical turns into the stem to produce a 60-70 nt precursor known as the pre-miRNA. Drosha may cleave the pri-miRNA with a staggered cut typical of RNase III endonucleases yielding a pre-miRNA stem loop with a 5′ phosphate and ˜2 nucleotide 3′ overhang. Approximately one helical turn of stem (˜10 nucleotides) extending beyond the Drosha cleavage site may be essential for efficient processing. The pre-miRNA may then be actively transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by Ran-GTP and the export receptor Ex-portin-5.

The pre-miRNA may be recognized by Dicer, which is also an RNase III endonuclease. Dicer may recognize the double-stranded stem of the pre-miRNA. Dicer may also recognize the 5′ phosphate and 3′ overhang at the base of the stem loop. Dicer may cleave off the terminal loop two helical turns away from the base of the stem loop leaving an additional 5′ phosphate and ˜2 nucleotide 3′ overhang. The resulting siRNA-like duplex, which may comprise mismatches, comprises the mature miRNA and a similar-sized fragment known as the miRNA*. The miRNA and miRNA* may be derived from opposing arms of the pri-miRNA and pre-miRNA. MiRNA* sequences may be found in libraries of cloned miRNAs but typically at lower frequency than the miRNAs.

Although initially present as a double-stranded species with miRNA*, the miRNA may eventually become incorporated as single-stranded RNAs into a ribonucleoprotein complex known as the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Various proteins can form the RISC, which can lead to variability in specifity for miRNA/miRNA* duplexes, binding site of the target gene, activity of miRNA (repress or activate), which strand of the miRNA/miRNA* duplex is loaded in to the RISC.

When the miRNA strand of the miRNA:miRNA* duplex is loaded into the RISC, the miRNA* may be removed and degraded. The strand of the miRNA:miRNA* duplex that is loaded into the RISC may be the strand whose 5′ end is less tightly paired. In cases where both ends of the miRNA:miRNA* have roughly equivalent 5′ pairing, both miRNA and miRNA* may have gene silencing activity.

The RISC may identify target nucleic acids based on high levels of complementarity between the miRNA and the mRNA, especially by nucleotides 2-8 of the miRNA. Only one case has been reported in animals where the interaction between the miRNA and its target was along the entire length of the miRNA. This was shown for mir-196 and Hox B8 and it was further shown that mir-196 mediates the cleavage of the Hox B8 mRNA (Yekta et al 2004, Science 304-594). Otherwise, such interactions are known only in plants (Bartel & Bartel 2003, Plant Physiol 132-709).

A number of studies have looked at the base-pairing requirement between miRNA and its mRNA target for achieving efficient inhibition of translation (reviewed by Bartel 2004, Cell 116-281). In mammalian cells, the first 8 nucleotides of the miRNA may be important (Doench & Sharp 2004 GenesDev 2004-504). However, other parts of the microRNA may also participate in mRNA binding. Moreover, sufficient base pairing at the 3′ can compensate for insufficient pairing at the 5′ (Brennecke at al, 2005 PLoS 3-e85). Computation studies, analyzing miRNA binding on whole genomes have suggested a specific role for bases 2-7 at the 5′ of the miRNA in target binding but the role of the first nucleotide, found usually to be “A” was also recognized (Lewis et at 2005 Cell 120-15). Similarly, nucleotides 1-7 or 2-8 were used to identify and validate targets by Krek et al (2005, Nat Genet 37-495).

The target sites in the mRNA may be in the 5′ UTR, the 3′ UTR or in the coding region. Interestingly, multiple miRNAs may regulate the same mRNA target by recognizing the same or multiple sites. The presence of multiple miRNA complementarity sites in most genetically identified targets may indicate that the cooperative action of multiple RISCs provides the most efficient translational inhibition.

MiRNAs may direct the RISC to downregulate gene expression by either of two mechanisms: mRNA cleavage or translational repression. The miRNA may specify cleavage of the mRNA if the mRNA has a certain degree of complementarity to the miRNA. When a miRNA guides cleavage, the cut may be between the nucleotides pairing to residues 10 and 11 of the miRNA. Alternatively, the miRNA may repress translation if the miRNA does not have the requisite degree of complementarity to the miRNA. Translational repression may be more prevalent in animals since animals may have a lower degree of complementarity.

It should be notes that there may be variability in the 5′ and 3′ ends of any pair of miRNA and miRNA*. This variability may be due to variability in the enzymatic processing of Drosha and Dicer with respect to the site of cleavage. Variability at the 5′ and 3′ ends of miRNA and miRNA* may also be due to mismatches in the stem structures of the pri-miRNA and pre-miRNA. The mismatches of the stem strands may lead to a population of different hairpin structures. Variability in the stem structures may also lead to variability in the products of cleavage by Drosha and Dicer.

3. Nucleic Acid

The present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence referred to in SEQ ID NOS: 1-760616, the sequences set forth on the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, and the sequences set forth on the Sequence Listing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, or variants thereof. The variant may be a complement of the referenced nucleotide sequence. The variant may also be a nucleotide sequence that is substantially identical to the referenced nucleotide sequence or the complement thereof. The variant may also be a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent conditions to the referenced nucleotide sequence, complements thereof, or nucleotide sequences substantially identical thereto.

The nucleic acid may have a length of from 10 to 100 nucleotides. The nucleic acid may have a length of at least 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90 nucleotides. The nucleic acid may be synthesized or expressed in a cell (in vitro or in vivo) using a synthetic gene described below. The nucleic acid may be synthesized as a single strand molecule and hybridized to a substantially complementary nucleic acid to form a duplex, which is considered a nucleic acid of the invention. The nucleic acid may be introduced to a cell, tissue or organ in a single- or double-stranded form or capable of being expressed by a synthetic gene using methods well known to those skilled in the art, including as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,559 which is incorporated by reference.

a. Pri-MiRNA

The nucleic acid of the invention may comprise a sequence of a pri-miRNA or a variant thereof. The pri-miRNA sequence may comprise from 45-250, 55-200, 70-150 or 80-100 nucleotides. The sequence of the pri-miRNA may comprise a pre-miRNA, miRNA and miRNA* as set forth below. The pri-miRNA may also comprise a miRNA or miRNA* and the complement thereof, and variants thereof. The pri-miRNA may comprise at least 19% adenosine nucleotides, at least 16% cytosine nucleotides, at least 23% thymine nucleotides and at least 19% guanine nucleotides.

The pri-miRNA may form a hairpin structure. The hairpin may comprise a first and second nucleic acid sequence that are substantially complimentary. The first and second nucleic acid sequence may be from 37-50 nucleotides. The first and second nucleic acid sequence may be separated by a third sequence of from 8-12 nucleotides. The hairpin structure may have a free energy less than −25 Kcal/mole as calculated by the Vienna algorithm with default parameters, as described in Hofacker et al., Monatshefte f. Chemie 125: 167-188 (1994), the contents of which are incorporated herein. The hairpin may comprise a terminal loop of 4-20, 8-12 or 10 nucleotides.

The sequence of the pri-miRNA may comprise the sequence of a hairpin referred to in Table 1, the sequence of sequence identifiers 6757248-6894882 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, the sequence of sequence identifiers 1-6318 or 18728-18960 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, or variants thereof.

b. Pre-MiRNA

The nucleic acid of the invention may also comprise a sequence of a pre-miRNA or a variant thereof. The pre-miRNA sequence may comprise from 45-90, 60-80 or 60-70 nucleotides. The sequence of the pre-miRNA may comprise a miRNA and a miRNA* as set forth below. The pre-miRNA may also comprise a miRNA or miRNA* and the complement thereof, and variants thereof. The sequence of the pre-miRNA may also be that of a pri-miRNA excluding from 0-160 nucleotides from the 5′ and 3′ ends of the pri-miRNA.

The sequence of the pre-miRNA may comprise the sequence of a hairpin referred to in Table 1, the sequence of sequence identifiers 6757248-6894882 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, the sequence of sequence identifiers 1-6318 or 18728-18960 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, or variants thereof.

c. MiRNA

The nucleic acid of the invention may also comprise a sequence of a miRNA, miRNA* or a variant thereof. The miRNA sequence may comprise from 13-33, 18-24 or 21-23 nucleotides. The sequence of the miRNA may be the first 13-33 nucleotides of the pre-miRNA. The sequence of the miRNA may be the last 13-33 nucleotides of the pre-miRNA.

The sequence of the miRNA may comprise the sequence of a miRNA referred to in Table 1, the sequence of sequence identifiers 1-117750 or 6894883-10068177 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, the sequence of sequence identifiers 6319-18727 or 18961-19401 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, or variants thereof.

d. Anti-miRNA

The nucleic acid of the invention may also comprise a sequence of an anti-miRNA that is capable of blocking the activity of a miRNA or miRNA*. The anti-miRNA may comprise a total of 5-100 or 10-60 nucleotides. The anti-miRNA may also comprise a total of at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or 26 nucleotides. The sequence of the anti-miRNA may comprise (a) at least 5 nucleotides that are substantially identical to the 5′ of a miRNA and at least 5-12 nucleotide that are substantially complimentary to the flanking regions of the target site from the 5′ end of said miRNA, or (b) at least 5-12 nucleotides that are substantially identical to the 3′ of a miRNA and at least 5 nucleotide that are substantially complimentary to the flanking region of the target site from the 3′ end of said miRNA.

The sequence of the anti-miRNA may comprise the compliment of a sequence of a miRNA referred to in Table 1, the sequence of sequence identifiers 1-117750 or 6894883-10068177 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, the sequence of sequence identifiers 6319-18727 or 18961-19401 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, or variants thereof.

e. Binding Site of Target

The nucleic acid of the invention may also comprise a sequence of a target miRNA binding site, or a variant thereof. The target site sequence may comprise a total of 5-100 or 10-60 nucleotides. The target site sequence may comprise at least 5 nucleotides of the sequence of a target gene binding site referred to in Table 4, the sequence of sequence identifiers 117751-6757247 of the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, or variants thereof.

4. Synthetic Gene

The present invention also relates to a synthetic gene comprising a nucleic acid of the invention operably linked to a transcriptional and/or translational regulatory sequences. The synthetic gene may be capable of modifying the expression of a target gene with a binding site for the nucleic acid of the invention. Expression of the target gene may be modified in a cell, tissue or organ. The synthetic gene may be synthesized or derived from naturally-occurring genes by standard recombinant techniques. The synthetic gene may also comprise terminators at the 3′-end of the transcriptional unit of the synthetic gene sequence. The synthetic gene may also comprise a selectable marker.

5. Vector

The present invention also relates to a vector comprising a synthetic gene of the invention. The vector may be an expression vector. An expression vector may comprise additional elements. For example, the expression vector may have two replication systems allowing it to be maintained in two organisms, e.g., in mammalian or insect cells for expression and in a prokaryotic host for cloning and amplification. For integrating expression vectors, the expression vector may contain at least one sequence homologous to the host cell genome, and preferably two homologous sequences which flank the expression construct. The integrating vector may be directed to a specific locus in the host cell by selecting the appropriate homologous sequence for inclusion in the vector. The vector may also comprise a selectable marker gene to allow the selection of transformed host cells.

6. Host Cell

The present invention also relates to a host cell comprising a vector of the invention. The cell may be a bacterial, fungal, plant, insect or animal cell.

7. Probes

The present invention also relates to a probe comprising a nucleic acid of the invention. Probes may be used for screening and diagnostic methods, as outlined below. The probe may be attached or immobilized to a solid substrate, such as a biochip.

The probe may have a length of from 8 to 500, 10 to 100 or 20 to 60 nucleotides. The probe may also have a length of at least 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280 or 300 nucleotides. The probe may further comprise a linker sequence of from 10-60 nucleotides.

8. Biochip

The present invention also relates to a biochip. The biochip may comprise a solid substrate comprising an attached probe or plurality of probes of the invention. The probes may be capable of hybridizing to a target sequence under stringent hybridization conditions. The probes may be attached at spatially defined address on the substrate. More than one probe per target sequence may be used, with either overlapping probes or probes to different sections of a particular target sequence. The probes may be capable of hybridizing to target sequences associated with a single disorder.

The probes may be attached to the biochip in a wide variety of ways, as will be appreciated by those in the art. The probes may either be synthesized first, with subsequent attachment to the biochip, or may be directly synthesized on the biochip.

The solid substrate may be a material that may be modified to contain discrete individual sites appropriate for the attachment or association of the probes and is amenable to at least one detection method. Representative examples of substrates include glass and modified or functionalized glass, plastics (including acrylics, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene and other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyurethanes, TeflonJ, etc.), polysaccharides, nylon or nitrocellulose, resins, silica or silica-based materials including silicon and modified silicon, carbon, metals, inorganic glasses and plastics. The substrates may allow optical detection without appreciably fluorescing.

The substrate may be planar, although other configurations of substrates may be used as well. For example, probes may be placed on the inside surface of a tube, for flow-through sample analysis to minimize sample volume. Similarly, the substrate may be flexible, such as a flexible foam, including closed cell foams made of particular plastics.

The biochip and the probe may be derivatized with chemical functional groups for subsequent attachment of the two. For example, the biochip may be derivatized with a chemical functional group including, but not limited to, amino groups, carboxyl groups, oxo groups or thiol groups. Using these functional groups, the probes may be attached using functional groups on the probes either directly or indirectly using a linkers. The probes may be attached to the solid support by either the 5′ terminus, 3′ terminus, or via an internal nucleotide.

The probe may also be attached to the solid support non-covalently. For example, biotinylated oligonucleotides can be made, which may bind to surfaces covalently coated with streptavidin, resulting in attachment. Alternatively, probes may be synthesized on the surface using techniques such as photopolymerization and photolithography.

9. miRNA Expression Analysis

The present invention also relates to a method of identifying miRNAs that are associated with disease or a pathological condition comprising contacting a biological sample with a probe or biochip of the invention and detecting the amount of hybridization. PCR may be used to amplify nucleic acids in the sample, which may provide higher sensitivity.

The ability to identify miRNAs that are overexpressed or underexpressed in pathological cells compared to a control can provide high-resolution, high-sensitivity datasets which may be used in the areas of diagnostics, therapeutics, drug development, pharmacogenetics, biosensor development, and other related areas. An expression profile generated by the current methods may be a “fingerprint” of the state of the sample with respect to a number of miRNAs. While two states may have any particular miRNA similarly expressed, the evaluation of a number of miRNAs simultaneously allows the generation of a gene expression profile that is characteristic of the state of the cell. That is, normal tissue may be distinguished from diseased tissue. By comparing expression profiles of tissue in known different disease states, information regarding which miRNAs are associated in each of these states may be obtained. Then, diagnosis may be performed or confirmed to determine whether a tissue sample has the expression profile of normal or disease tissue. This may provide for molecular diagnosis of related conditions.

10. Determining Expression Levels

The present invention also relates to a method of determining the expression level of a disease-associated miRNA comprising contacting a biological sample with a probe or biochip of the invention and measuring the amount of hybridization. The expression level of a disease-associated miRNA is information in a number of ways. For example, a differential expression of a disease-associated miRNA compared to a control may be used as a diagnostic that a patient suffers from the disease. Expression levels of a disease-associated miRNA may also be used to monitor the treatment and disease state of a patient. Furthermore, expression levels of e disease-associated miRNA may allow the screening of drug candidates for altering a particular expression profile or suppressing an expression profile associated with disease.

A target nucleic acid may be detected by contacting a sample comprising the target nucleic acid with a biochip comprising an attached probe sufficiently complementary to the target nucleic acid and detecting hybridization to the probe above control levels.

The target nucleic acid may also be detected by immobilizing the nucleic acid to be examined on a solid support such as nylon membranes and hybridizing a labelled probe with the sample. Similarly, the target nucleic may also be detected by immobilizing the labeled probe to the solid support and hybridizing a sample comprising a labeled target nucleic acid. Following washing to remove the non-specific hybridization, the label may be detected.

The target nucleic acid may also be detected in situ by contacting permeabilized cells or tissue samples with a labeled probe to allow hybridization with the target nucleic acid. Following washing to remove the non-specifically bound probe, the label may be detected.

These assays can be direct hybridization assays or can comprise sandwich assays, which include the use of multiple probes, as is generally outlined in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,681,702; 5,597,909; 5,545,730; 5,594,117; 5,591,584; 5,571,670; 5,580,731; 5,571,670; 5,591,584; 5,624,802; 5,635,352; 5,594,118; 5,359,100; 5,124,246; and 5,681,697, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

A variety of hybridization conditions may be used, including high, moderate and low stringency conditions as outlined above. The assays may be performed under stringency conditions which allow hybridization of the probe only to the target. Stringency can be controlled by altering a step parameter that is a thermodynamic variable, including, but not limited to, temperature, formamide concentration, salt concentration, chaotropic salt concentration pH, or organic solvent concentration.

Hybridization reactions may be accomplished in a variety of ways. Components of the reaction may be added simultaneously, or sequentially, in different orders. In addition, the reaction may include a variety of other reagents. These include salts, buffers, neutral proteins, e.g., albumin, detergents, etc. which may be used to facilitate optimal hybridization and detection, and/or reduce non-specific or background interactions. Reagents that otherwise improve the efficiency of the assay, such as protease inhibitors, nuclease inhibitors and anti-microbial agents may also be used as appropriate, depending on the sample preparation methods and purity of the target.

a. Diagnostic

The present invention also relates to a method of diagnosis comprising detecting a differential expression level of a disease-associated miRNA in a biological sample. The sample may be derived from a patient. Diagnosis of a disease state in a patient allows for prognosis and selection of therapeutic strategy. Further, the developmental stage of cells may be classified by determining temporarily expressed miRNA-molecules.

In situ hybridization of labeled probes to tissue arrays may be performed. When comparing the fingerprints between an individual and a standard, the skilled artisan can make a diagnosis, a prognosis, or a prediction based on the findings. It is further understood that the genes which indicate the diagnosis may differ from those which indicate the prognosis and molecular profiling of the condition of the cells may lead to distinctions between responsive or refractory conditions or may be predictive of outcomes.

b. Drug Screening

The present invention also relates to a method of screening therapeutics comprising contacting a pathological cell capable of expressing a disease related miRNA with a candidate therapeutic and evaluating the effect of a drug candidate on the expression profile of the disease associated miRNA. Having identified the differentially expressed miRNAs, a variety of assays may be executed. Test compounds may be screened for the ability to modulate gene expression of the disease associated miRNA. Modulation includes both an increase and a decrease in gene expression.

The test compound or drug candidate may be any molecule, e.g., protein, oligopeptide, small organic molecule, polysaccharide, polynucleotide, etc., to be tested for the capacity to directly or indirectly alter the disease phenotype or the expression of the disease associated miRNA. Drug candidates encompass numerous chemical classes, such as small organic molecules having a molecular weight of more than 100 and less than about 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000 or 2,500 daltons. Candidate compounds may comprise functional groups necessary for structural interaction with proteins, particularly hydrogen bonding, and typically include at least an amine, carbonyl, hydroxyl or carboxyl group, preferably at least two of the functional chemical groups. The candidate agents may comprise cyclical carbon or heterocyclic structures and/or aromatic or polyaromatic structures substituted with one or more of the above functional groups. Candidate agents are also found among biomolecules including peptides, saccharides, fatty acids, steroids, purines, pyrimidines, derivatives, structural analogs or combinations thereof.

Combinatorial libraries of potential modulators may be screened for the ability to bind to the disease associated miRNA or to modulate the activity thereof. The combinatorial library may be a collection of diverse chemical compounds generated by either chemical synthesis or biological synthesis by combining a number of chemical building blocks such as reagents. Preparation and screening of combinatorial chemical libraries is well known to those of skill in the art. Such combinatorial chemical libraries include, but are not limited to, peptide libraries encoded peptides, benzodiazepines, diversomers such as hydantoins, benzodiazepines and dipeptide, vinylogous polypeptides, analogous organic syntheses of small compound libraries, oligocarbamates, and/or peptidyl phosphonates, nucleic acid libraries, peptide nucleic acid libraries, antibody libraries, carbohydrate libraries, and small organic molecule libraries.

11. Gene Silencing

The present invention also relates to a method of using the nucleic acids of the invention to reduce expression of a target gene in a cell, tissue or organ. Expression of the target gene may be reduced by expressing a nucleic acid of the invention that comprises a sequence substantially complementary to one or more binding sites of the target mRNA. The nucleic acid may be a miRNA or a variant thereof. The nucleic acid may also be pri-miRNA, pre-miRNA, or a variant thereof, which may be processed to yield a miRNA. The expressed miRNA may hybridize to a substantially complementary binding site on the target mRNA, which may lead to activation of RISC-mediated gene silencing. An example for a study employing over-expression of miRNA is Yekta et al 2004, Science 304-594, which is incorporated herein by reference. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the nucleic acids of the present invention may be used to inhibit expression of target genes using antisense methods well known in the art, as well as RNAi methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,506,559 and 6,573,099, which are incorporated by reference.

The target of gene silencing may be a protein that causes the silencing of a second protein. By repressing expression of the target gene, expression of the second protein may be increased. Examples for efficient suppression of miRNA expression are the studies by Esau et al 2004 JBC 275-52361; and Cheng et al 2005 Nucleic Acids Res. 33-1290, which is incorporated herein by reference.

12. Gene Enhancement

The present invention also relates to a method of using the nucleic acids of the invention to increase expression of a target gene in a cell, tissue or organ. Expression of the target gene may be increased by expressing a nucleic acid of the invention that comprises a sequence substantially complementary to a pri-miRNA, pre-miRNA, miRNA or a variant thereof. The nucleic acid may be an anti-miRNA. The anti-miRNA may hybridize with a pri-miRNA, pre-miRNA or miRNA, thereby reducing its gene repression activity. Expression of the target gene may also be increased by expressing a nucleic acid of the invention that is substantially complementary to a portion of the binding site in the target gene, such that binding of the nucleic acid to the binding site may prevent miRNA binding.

13. Therapeutic

The present invention also relates to a method of using the nucleic acids of the invention as modulators or targets of disease or disorders associated with developmental dysfunctions, such as cancer. In general, the claimed nucleic acid molecules may be used as a modulator of the expression of genes which are at least partially complementary to said nucleic acid. Further, miRNA molecules may act as target for therapeutic screening procedures, e.g. inhibition or activation of miRNA molecules might modulate a cellular differentiation process, e.g. apoptosis.

Furthermore, existing miRNA molecules may be used as starting materials for the manufacture of sequence-modified miRNA molecules, in order to modify the target-specificity thereof, e.g. an oncogene, a multidrug-resistance gene or another therapeutic target gene. Further, miRNA molecules can be modified, in order that they are processed and then generated as double-stranded siRNAs which are again directed against therapeutically relevant targets. Furthermore, miRNA molecules may be used for tissue reprogramming procedures, e.g. a differentiated cell line might be transformed by expression of miRNA molecules into a different cell type or a stem cell.

14. Compositions

The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acids of the invention and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compositions may be used for diagnostic or therapeutic applications. The administration of the pharmaceutical composition may be carried out by known methods, wherein a nucleic acid is introduced into a desired target cell in vitro or in vivo. Commonly used gene transfer techniques include calcium phosphate, DEAE-dextran, electroporation, microinjection, viral methods and cationic liposomes.

15. Kits

The present invention also relates to kits comprising a nucleic acid of the invention together with any or all of the following: assay reagents, buffers, probes and/or primers, and sterile saline or another pharmaceutically acceptable emulsion and suspension base. In addition, the kits may include instructional materials containing directions (e.g., protocols) for the practice of the methods of this invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Prediction Of MiRNAs

We surveyed the entire human genome for potential miRNA coding genes using two computational approaches similar to those described in U.S. Patent Application No. 60/522,459, Ser. Nos. 10/709,577 and 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, for predicting miRNAs. Briefly, non-protein coding regions of the entire human genome were scanned for hairpin structures. The predicted hairpins and potential miRNAs were scored by thermodynamic stability, as well as structural and contextual features. The algorithm was calibrated by using miRNAs in the Sanger Database which had been validated.

1. First Screen

Table 2 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, shows the sequence (“PRECURSOR SEQUENCE”), sequence identifier (“PRECUR SEQ-ID”) and organism of origin (“GAM ORGANISM”) for each predicted hairpin from the first computational screen, together with the predicted miRNAs (“GAM NAME”). Table 1 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, shows the sequence (“GAM RNA SEQUENCE”) and sequence identifier (“GAM SEQ-ID”) for each miRNA (“GAM NAME”), along with the organism of origin (“GAM ORGANISM”) and Dicer cut location (“GAM POS”). The sequences of the predicted hairpins and miRNA are also set forth on the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

2. Second Screen

Table 1 lists the SEQ ID NO for each predicted hairpin (“HID”) of the second computational screen. Table 1 also lists the genomic location for each hairpin (“Hairpin Location”). The format for the genomic location is a concatenation of <chr_id><strand><start position>. For example, 19+135460000 refers chromosome 19, +strand, start position 135460000. Chromosomes 23-25 refer to chromosome X, chromosome Y and mitochondrial DNA. The chromosomal location is based on the hg17 assembly of the human genome by UCSC, which is based on NCBI Build 35 version 1 and was produced by the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium.

Table 1 also lists whether the hairpin is conserved in evolution (“C”). There is an option that there is a paper of the genome version. The hairpins were identified as conserved (“Y”) or nonconserved (“N”) by using phastCons data. The phastCons data is a measure of evolutionary conservation for each nucleotide in the human genome against the genomes of chimp, mouse, rat, dog, chicken, frog, and zebrafish, based on a phylo-HMM using best-in-genome pair wise alignment for each species based on BlastZ, followed by multiZ alignment of the 8 genomes (Siepel et al, J. Comput. Biol 11, 413-428, 2004 and Schwartz et al., Genome Res. 13, 103-107, 2003). A hairpin is listed as conserved if the average phastCons conservation score over the 7 species in any 15 nucleotide sequence within the hairpin stem is at least 0.9 (Berezikov, E. et al. Phylogenetic Shadowing and Computational Identification of Human microRNA Genes. Cell 120, 21-24, 2005).

Table 1 also lists the genomic type for each hairpin (“T”) as either intergenic (“G”), intron (“I”) or exon (“E”). Table 1 also lists the SEQ ID NO (“MID”) for each predicted miRNA and miRNA*. Table 1 also lists the prediction score grade for each hairpin (“P”) on a scale of 0-1 (1 the hairpin is the most reliable), as described in Hofacker et al., Monatshefte f. Chemie 125: 167-188, 1994. If the grade is zero or null, they are transformed to the lower value of PalGrade that its p-value is <0.05. Table 1 also lists the p-value (“Pval”) calculated out of background hairpins for the values of each P scores. As shown in Table, there are few instances where the Pval is >0.05. In each of these cases, the hairpins are highly conserved or they have been validated (F=Y).

Table 1 also lists whether the miRNAs were validated by expression analysis (“E”) (Y=Yes, N=No), as detailed in Table 2. Table 1 also lists whether the miRNAs were validated by sequencing (“S”) (Y=Yes, N=No). If there was a difference in sequences between the predicted and sequenced miRNAs, the sequenced sequence is predicted. It should be noted that failure to sequence or detect expression of a miRNA does not necessarily mean that a miRNA does not exist. Such undetected miRNAs may be expressed in tissues other than those tested. In addition, such undetected miRNAs may be expressed in the test tissues, but at a difference stage or under different condition than those of the experimental cells.

Table 1 also listed whether the miRNAs were shown to be differentially expressed (“D”) (Y=Yes, N=No) in at least one disease, as detailed in Table 2). Table 1 also whether the miRNAs were present (“F”) (Y=Yes, N=No) in Sanger DB Release 6.0 (April 2005) (http://nar.oupjournals.org/) as being detected in humans or mice or predicted in humans. As discussed above, the miRNAs listed in the Sanger database are a component of the prediction algorithm and a control for the output.

Table 1 also lists a genetic location cluster (“LC”) for those hairpins that are within 5,000 nucleotides of each other. Each miRNA that has the same LC share the same genetic cluster. Table 1 also lists a seed cluster (“SC”) to group miRNAs by their seed of 2-7 by an exact match. Each miRNA that has the same SC have the same seed. For a discussion of seed lengths of 5 nucleotides, see Lewis et al., Cell, 120; 15-20 (2005).

EXAMPLE 2 Prediction of Target Genes

The predicted miRNAs from the two computational screens of Example 1 were then used to predict target genes and their binding sites using two computational approaches similar to those described in U.S. Patent Application No. 60/522,459, Ser. Nos. 10/709,577 and 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, for predicting miRNAs.

1. First Screen

Table 6 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, lists the predicted target genes (“TARGET”) and binding site sequence (“TARGET BINDING SITE SEQUENCE”) and binding site sequence identifier (“TARGET BINDING SITE SEQ-ID”) from the first computational screen, as well as the organism of origin for the target (“TARGET ORGANISM”). Table 12 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, lists the diseases (“DISEASE NAME”) that are associated with the target genes (“TARGET-GENES ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE”). Table 14 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, lists the sequence identifiers for the miRNAs (“SEQ ID NOs OF GAMS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE”) and the diseases (“DISEASE NAME”) that are associated with the miRNA based on the target gene. The sequences of the binding site sequences are also set forth on the Sequence Listing of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

2. Second Screen

Table 4 lists the predicted target gene for each miRNA (MID) and its hairpin (HID) from the second computational screen. The names of the target genes were taken from NCBI Reference Sequence release 9; Pruitt et al., Nucleic Acids Res, 33(1):D501-D504, 2005; Pruitt et al., Trends Genet., 16(1):44-47, 2000; and Tatusova et al., Bioinformatics, 15(7-8):536-43, 1999). Target genes were identified by having a perfect complimentary match of a 7 nucleotide miRNA seed (positions 2-8) and an A on the UTR (total=8 nucleotides). For a discussion on identifying target genes, see Lewis et al., Cell, 120: 15-20, (2005). For a discussion of the seed being sufficient for binding of a miRNA to a UTR, see Lim Lau et al., (Nature 2005) and Brenneck et al, (PLoS Biol 2005).

Binding sites were then predicted using a filtered target genes dataset by including only those target genes that contained a UTR of a least 30 nucleotides. The binding site screen only considered the first 4000 nucleotides per UTR and considered the longest transcript when there were several transcripts per gene. The filtering reduced the total number of transcripts from 23626 to 14239. Table 4 lists the SEQ ID NO for the predicted binding sites for each target gene. The sequence of the binding site includes the 20 nucleotides 5′ and 3′ of the binding site as they are located on the spliced mRNA. Except for those miRNAs that have only a single predicted binding site or those miRNAs that were validated, the data in Table 4 has been filtered to only indicate those target genes with at least 2 binding sites.

Table 5 shows the relationship between the miRNAs (“MID”)/hairpins (“HID”) and diseases by their target genes. The name of diseases are taken from OMIM. For a discussion of the rational for connecting the host gene the hairpin is located upon to disease, see Baskerville and Bartel, RNA, 11: 241-247 (2005) and Rodriguez et al., Genome Res., 14: 1902-1910 (2004). Table 5 shows the number of miRNA target genes (“N”) that are related to the disease. Table 5 also shows the total number of genes that are related to the disease (“T”), which is taken from the genes that were predicted to have binding sites for miRNAs. Table 5 also shows the percentage of N out of T and the p-value of hypergeometric analysis (“Pval”). Table 8 shows the disease codes for Tables 5 and 6. For a reference of hypergeometric analysis, see Schaum's Outline of Elements of Statistics II: Inferential Statistics.

Table 6 shows the relationship between the miRNAs (“MID”)/hairpins (“HID”) and diseases by their host genes. We defined hairpins genes on the complementary strand of a host gene as located on the gene: Intron_c as Interon and Exon_c as Exon. We choose the complementary strands as they can cause disease. For example, a mutation in the miRNA that is located on the complementary strand. In those case that a miRNA in on both strands, two statuses like when Intron and Exon_c Intron is the one chosen. The logic of choosing is Intron>Exon>Intron_c>Exon_c>Intergenic. Table 9 shows the relationship between the target sequences (“Gene Name”) and disease (“Disease Code”).

EXAMPLE 3 Validation of MiRNAs

1. Expression Analysis—Set 1

To confirm the hairpins and miRNAs predicted in Example 1, we detected expression in various tissues using the high-throughput microarrays similar to those described in U.S. Patent Application No. 60/522,459, Ser. Nos. 10/709,577 and 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. For each predicted precursor miRNA, mature miRNAs derived from both stems of the hairpin were tested.

Table 2 shows the hairpins (“HID”) of the second prediction set that were validated by detecting expression of related miRNAs (“MID”), as well as a code for the tissue (“Tissue”) that expression was detected. The tissue and diseases codes for Table 2 are listed in Table 7. Some of the tested tissues wee cell line. Lung carcinoma cell line (H1299) with/without P53: H1299 has a mutated P53. The cell line was transfected with a construct with P53 that is temperature sensitive (active at 32° C.). The experiment was conducted at 32° C.

Table 2 also shows the chip expression score grade (range of 500-65000). A threshold of 500 was used to eliminate non-significant signals and the score was normalized by MirChip probe signals from different experiments. Variations in the intensities of fluorescence material between experiments may be due to variability in RNA preparation or labeling efficiency. We normalized based on the assumption that the total amount of miRNAs in each sample is relatively constant. First we subtracted the background signal from the raw signal of each probe, where the background signal is defined as 400. Next, we divided each miRNA probe signal by the average signal of all miRNAs, multiplied the result by 10000 and added back the background signal of 400. Thus, by definition, the sum of all miRNA probe signals in each experiment is 10400.

Table 2 also shows a statistical analysis of the normalized signal (“Spval”) calculated on the normalized score. For each miRNA, we used a relevant control group out of the full predicted miRNA list. Each miRNA has an internal control of probes with mismatches. The relevant control group contained probes with similar C and G percentage (abs diff <5%) in order to have similar Tm. The probe signal P value is the ratio over the relevant control group probes with the same or higher signals. The results are p-value ≦0.05 and score is above 500. In those cases that the SPVal is listed as 0.0, the value is less than 0.0001.

2. Expression Analysis—Set 2

To further confirm the hairpins and miRNAs predicted in 0, we detected expression in additional tissues. Table 2 of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, which is incorporated herein by reference, lists expression data of miRNAs by the following: HID: hairpin sequence identifier for sequence set forth in the Sequence Listing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, which is incorporated herein by reference; MID: miRNA sequence identifier for sequence set forth in the Sequence Listing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/655,094, which is incorporated herein by reference; Tissue: tested tissue; S: chip expression score grade (range=100-65000); Dis. Diff. Exp.: disease related differential expression and the tissue it was tested in; R: ratio of disease related expression (range=0.01-99.99); and abbreviations: Brain Mix A—a mixture of brain tissue that are affected in Alzheimer; Brain Mix B—a mixture of all brain tissues; and Brain SN—Substantia Nigra.

3. Sequencing

To further validate the hairpins (“HID”) of the second prediction, a number of miRNAs were validated by sequencing methods similar to those described in U.S. Patent Application No. 60/522,459, Ser. Nos. 10/709,577 and 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Table 3 shows the hairpins (“HID”) that were validated by sequencing a miRNA (MID) in the indicated tissue (“Tissue”).

EXAMPLE 4 MiRNAs of Chromosome 19

A group of the validated miRNAs from Example 3 were highly expressed in placenta, have distinct sequence similarity, and are located in the same locus on chromosome 19 (FIG. 2). These predicted miRNAs are spread along a region of ˜100,000 nucleotides in the 19q13.42 locus. This genomic region is devoid of protein-coding genes and seems to be intergenic. Further analysis of the genomic sequence, including a thorough examination of the output of our prediction algorithm, revealed many more putative related miRNAs, and located mir-371, mir-372, and mir-373 approximately 25,000 bp downstream to this region. Overall, 54 putative miRNA precursors were identified in this region. The miRNA precursors can be divided into four distinct types of related sequences (FIG. 2). About 75% of the miRNAs in the cluster are highly related and were labeled as type A. Three other miRNA types, types B, C and D, are composed of 4, 2, and 2 precursors, respectively. An additional 3 putative miRNA precursors (S1 to S3) have unrelated sequences. Interestingly, all miRNA precursors are in the same orientation as the neighboring mir-371, mir-372, and mir-373 miRNA precursors.

Further sequence analysis revealed that the majority of the A-type miRNAs are embedded in a ˜600 bp region that is repeated 35 times in the cluster. The repeated sequence does not appear in other regions of the genome and is conserved only in primates. The repeating unit is almost always bounded by upstream and downstream Alu repeats. This is in sharp contrast to the MC14-1 cluster which is extremely poor in Alu repeats.

FIG. 3-A shows a comparison of sequences of the 35 repeat units containing the A-type miRNA precursors in human. The comparison identified two regions exhibiting the highest sequence similarity. One region includes the A-type miRNA, located in the 3′ region of the repeat. The second region is located ˜100 nucleotides upstream to the A-type miRNA precursors. However, the second region does not show high similarity among the chimp repeat units while the region containing the A-type miRNA precursors does (FIG. 3-B).

Examination of the region containing the A-type repeats showed that the 5′ region of the miRNAs encoded by the 5′ stem of the precursors (5p miRNAs) seem to be more variable than other regions of the mature miRNAs. This is matched by variability in the 3′ region of the mature miRNAs derived from the 3′ stems (3p miRNAs). As expected, the loop region is highly variable. The same phenomenon can also be observed in the multiple sequence alignment of all 43 A-type miRNAs (FIG. 4).

The multiple sequence alignment presented in FIG. 4 revealed the following findings with regards to the predicted mature miRNAs. The 5p miRNAs can be divided into 3 blocks. Nucleotides 1 to 6 are C/T rich, relatively variable, and are marked in most miRNAs by a CTC motif in nucleotides 3 to 5. Nucleotides 7 to 15 are A/G rich and apart from nucleotides 7 and 8 are shared among most of the miRNAs. Nucleotides 16 to 23 are C/T rich and are, again, conserved among the members. The predicted 3p miRNAs, in general, show a higher conservation among the family members. Most start with an AAA motif, but a few have a different 5′ sequence that may be critical in their target recognition. Nucleotides 8 to 15 are C/T rich and show high conservation. The last 7 nucleotides are somewhat less conserved but include a GAG motif in nucleotides 17 to 19 that is common to most members.

Analysis of the 5′ region of the repeated units identified potential hairpins. However, in most repeating units these hairpins were not preserved and efforts to clone miRNAs from the highest scoring hairpins failed. There are 8 A-type precursors that are not found within a long repeating unit. Sequences surrounding these precursors show no similarity to the A-type repeating units or to any other genomic sequence. For 5 of these A-type precursors there are Alu repeats located significantly closer downstream to the A-type sequence.

The other miRNA types in the cluster showed the following characteristics. The four B group miRNAs are found in a repeated region of ˜500 bp, one of which is located at the end of the cluster. The two D-type miRNAs, which are ˜2000 nucleotides from each other, are located at the beginning of the cluster and are included in a duplicated region of 1220 nucleotides. Interestingly, the two D-type precursors are identical. Two of the three miRNAs of unrelated sequence, S1 and S2, are located just after the two D-type miRNAs, and the third is located between A34 and A35. In general, the entire ˜100,000 nucleotide region containing the cluster is covered with repeating elements. This includes the miRNA-containing repeating units that are specific to this region and the genome wide repeat elements that are spread in the cluster in large numbers.

EXAMPLE 5 Cloning of Predicted MiRNAs

To further validate the predicted miRNAs, a number of the miRNAs described in Example 4 were cloned using methods similar to those described in U.S. Patent Application No. 60/522,459, Ser. Nos. 10/709,577 and 10/709,572, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, a specific capture oligonucleotide was designed for each of the predicted miRNAs. The oligonucleotide was used to capture, clone, and sequence the specific miRNA from a placenta-derived library enriched for small RNAs.

We cloned 41 of the 43 A-type miRNAs, of which 13 miRNAs were not present on the original microarray but only computationally predicted, as well as the D-type miRNAs. For 11 of the predicted miRNA precursors, both 5p and 3p predicted mature miRNAs were present on the microarray and in all cases both gave significant signals. Thus, we attempted to clone both 5′ and 3′ mature miRNAs in all cloning attempts. For 27 of the 43 cloned miRNA, we were able to clone miRNA derived from both 5′ and 3′ stems. Since our cloning efforts were not exhaustive, it is possible that more of the miRNA precursors encode both 5′ and 3′ mature miRNAs.

Many of the cloned miRNAs have shown heterogeneity at the 3′ end as observed in many miRNA cloning studies (Lagos-Quintana 2001, 2002, 2003) (Poy 2004). Interestingly, we also observed heterogeneity at the 5′ end for a significant number of the cloned miRNAs. This heterogeneity seemed to be somewhat more prevalent in 5′-stem derived miRNAs (9) compared to 3′-stem derived miRNAs (6). In comparison, heterogeneity at the 3′ end was similar for both 3′ and 5′-stem derived miRNAs (19 and 13, respectively). The 5′ heterogeneity involved mainly addition of one nucleotide, mostly C or A, but in one case there was an addition of 3 nucleotides. This phenomenon is not specific to the miRNAs in the chromosome 19 cluster. We have observed it for many additional cloned miRNAs, including both known miRNAs as well as novel miRNAs from other chromosomes (data not shown).

EXAMPLE 6 Analysis Of MiRNA Expression

To further examine the expression of the miRNAs of Example 4, we used Northern blot analysis to profile miRNA expression in several tissues. Northern blot analysis was performed using 40 mg of total RNA separated on 13% denaturing polyacrylamide gels and using 32P end labeled oligonucleotide probes. The oligonucleotide probe sequences were 5′ ACTCTAAAGAGAAGCGCTTTGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 760617) (A19-3p, NCBI: HSA-MIR-RG-21) and 5′ ACCCACCAAAGAGAAGCACTTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 760618) (A24-3p, NCBI: HSA-MIR-RG-27). The miRNAs were expressed as ˜22 nucleotide long RNA molecules with tissue specificity profile identical to that observed in the microarray analysis (FIG. 5-A).

In order to determine how the MC19-1 cluster is transcribed. A survey of the ESTs in the region identified only one place that included ESTs with poly-adenylation signal and poly-A tail. This region is located just downstream to the A43 precursor. The only other region that had ESTs with poly-adenylation signal is located just after mir-373, suggesting that mir-371,2,3 are on a separate transcript. We performed initial studies focusing on the region around mir-A43 to ensure that the region is indeed transcribed into poly-adenylated mRNA. RT-PCR experiments using primers covering a region of 3.5 kb resulted in obtaining the expected fragment (FIG. 5 B). RT-PCR analysis was performed using 5 mg of placenta total RNA using oligo-dT as primer. The following primers were used to amplify the transcripts: f1: 5′ GTCCCTGTACTGGAACTTGAG-3′ SE ID NO: 760619); f2: 5′ GTGTCCCTGTACTGGAACGCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 760620); r1: 5′ GCCTGGCCATGTCAGCTACG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 760621); r2: 5′ TTGATGGGAGGCTAGTGTTTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 760622); r3: 5′ GACGTGGAGGCGTTCTTAGTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 760623); and r4: 5′-TGACAACCGTTGGGGATTAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 760624). The authenticity of the fragment was validated by sequencing. This region includes mir-A42 and mir-A43, which shows that both miRNAs are present on the same primary transcript.

Further information on the transcription of the cluster came from analysis of the 77 ESTs located within it. We found that 42 of the ESTs were derived from placenta. As these ESTs are spread along the entire cluster, it suggested that the entire cluster is expressed in placenta. This observation is in-line with the expression profile observed in the microarray analysis. Thus, all miRNAs in the cluster may be co-expressed, with the only exception being the D-type miRNAs which are the only miRNAs to be expressed in HeLa cells. Interestingly, none of the 77 ESTs located in the region overlap the miRNA precursors in the cluster. This is in-line with the depletion of EST representation from transcripts processed by Drosha.

Examination of the microarray expression profile revealed that miRNAs D1/2, A12, A21, A22, and A34, have a somewhat different expression profile reflected as low to medium expression levels in several of the other tissues examined. This may be explained by alternative splicing of the transcript(s) encoding the miRNAs or by the presence of additional promoter(s) of different tissues specificity along the cluster.

Comparison of the expression of 3p and 5p mature miRNAs revealed that both are expressed for many miRNA precursors but in most cases at different levels. For most pre-miRNAs the 3p miRNAs are expressed at higher levels then the 5p miRNAs. However, in 6 cases (mir-D1,2, mir-A1, mir-A8, mir-A12, mir-A17 and mir-A33) both 3p and 5p miRNAs were expressed at a similar level, and in one case (mir-A32) the 5p miRNA was expressed at higher levels then the 3p miRNA.

EXAMPLE 7 Conservation

Comparison of the sequences from all four types of predicted miRNAs of Example 4 to that of other species (chimp, macaque, dog, chicken, mouse, rat, drosophila, zebra-fish, fungi, C. elegans) revealed that all miRNAs in the cluster, and in fact the entire region, are not conserved beyond primates. Interestingly, homologues of this region do not exist in any other genomes examined, including mouse and rat. Thus, this is the first miRNA cluster that is specific to primates and not generally shared in mammals. Homology analysis between chimp and human show that all 35 repeats carrying the A-type miRNAs are contiguous between the two species. Furthermore, the entire cluster seems to be identical between human and chimp. Thus, the multiple duplications leading to the emergence of the MC19-1 cluster must have occurred prior to the split of chimp and human and remained stable during the evolution of each species. It should be noted that human chromosome 19 is known to include many tandemly clustered gene families and large segmental duplications (Grimwood et al, 2004). Thus, in this respect the MC19-1 cluster is a natural part of chromosome 19.

In comparison, the MC14-1 cluster is generally conserved in mouse and includes only the A7 and A8 miRNAs within the cluster are not conserved beyond primates (Seitz 2004). In contrast all miRNAs in the MC19-1 cluster are unique to primates. A survey of all miRNAs found in Sanger revealed that only three miRNA, mir-198, mir-373, and mir-422a, are not conserved in the mouse or rat genomes, however, they are conserved in the dog genome and are thus not specific to primates. Interestingly, mir-371 and mir-372, which are clustered with mir-373, and are located 25 kb downstream to the MC19-1 cluster, are homologous to some extent to the A-type miRNAs (FIG. 4), but are conserved in rodents.

Comparison of the A-type miRNA sequences to the miRNAs in the Sanger database revealed the greatest homology to the human mir-302 family (FIG. 4-C). This homology is higher than the homology observed with mir-371,2,3. The mir-302 family (mir-302a, b, c, and d) are found in a tightly packed cluster of five miRNAs (including mir-367) covering 690 nucleotides located in the antisense orientation in the first intron within the protein coding exons of the HDCMA18P gene (accession NM_(—)016648). No additional homology, apart from the miRNA homology, exists between the mir-302 cluster and the MC19-1 cluster. The fact that both the mir-371,2,3 and mir-302a,b,c,d are specific to embryonic stem cells is noteworthy.

EXAMPLE 8 Differential Expression of MiRNAs

Using chip expression methods similar to those described in 0, microarray images were analyzed using Feature Extraction Software (Version 7.1.1, Agilent). Table 2 shows the ratio of disease related expression (“R”) compared to normal tissues. Table 2 also shows the statistical analysis of the normalized signal (“RPval”). The signal of each probe was set as its median intensity. Signal intensities range from background level of 400 to saturating level of 66000. 2 channels hybridization was performed and Cy3 signals were compared to Cy5 signals, where fluor reversed chip was preformed (normal vs. disease), probe signal was set to be its average signal. Signals were normalized by dividing them with the known miRNAs average signals such that the sum of known miRNAs signal is the same in each experiment or channel. Signal ratios between disease and normal tissues were calculated. Signal ratio greater than 1.5 indicates a significant upregulation with a P value of 0.007 and signal ratio grater than 2 has P value of 0.003. P values were estimated based on the occurrences of such or greater signal ratios over duplicated experiments.

The differential expression analysis in Table 2 indicates that the expression of a number of the miRNAs are significantly altered in disease tissue. In particular, the MC19-1 miRNAs of Example 4 are differentially expressed in prostate and lung cancer. The relevance of the MC19-1 miRNAs to cancer is supported by the identification of a loss of heterozygosity within the MC19-1 region in prostate cancer derived cells (Dumur et al. 2003).

TABLE 3 SEQUENCED MICRORNAS HID MID Tissue 46 7060 7 88 7143 11 109 7186 7 109 7187 7 197 7362 7 197 7363 7 197 7364 7 197 7365 7 197 7366 7 230 7433 11 230 7434 11 235 7443 7 235 7444 7 235 7445 7 235 7446 7 248 7473 11 248 7474 11 283 7544 7 286 7549 7 286 7550 7 286 7551 7 286 7552 7 286 7553 7 289 7558 7 289 7559 7 289 7560 7 289 7561 7 289 7562 7 289 7563 7 289 7564 7 303 7591 7 303 7592 7 303 7593 7 303 7594 7 374 7737 11 449 7886 12 604 8195 12 679 8345 7 679 8346 7 699 8386 7 699 8387 7 699 8388 7 778 8547 11 841 8673 20 908 8808 7 908 8809 7 917 8828 11 917 8829 11 978 8950 11 1084 9162 10 1084 9163 10 1084 9164 10 1159 9315 7 1167 9330 7 1167 9331 7 1167 9332 7 1167 9333 7 1192 9383 7 1296 9591 7 1408 9816 7 1459 9918 12 1459 9919 12 1459 9920 12 1459 9921 12 1534 10070 11 1564 10129 7 1564 10130 7 1564 10131 7 1564 10132 7 1564 10133 7 1598 10201 7 1598 10202 7 1601 10207 7 1601 10208 7 1601 10209 7 1601 10210 7 1601 10211 7 1601 10212 7 1601 10213 7 1601 10214 7 1628 10268 7 1633 10278 9 1652 10315 7 1652 10316 7 1652 10317 7 1652 10318 7 1794 10601 7 1794 10603 7 1794 10604 7 1794 10605 7 1890 10797 6 1890 10798 6 1890 10799 6 1929 10876 7 1929 10878 7 1940 10899 7 1940 10900 7 1958 10936 11 1961 10941 11 1961 10943 11 1961 10944 11 2058 11137 7 2058 11138 7 2058 11139 7 2058 11140 7 2058 11141 7 2147 11320 7 2147 11321 7 2154 11336 7 2164 11357 7 2164 11358 7 2164 11359 7 2171 11374 11 2172 11375 7 2172 11376 7 2172 11377 7 2172 11378 7 2178 11389 7 2178 11390 7 2178 11391 7 2178 11392 12 2178 11393 12 2180 11397 7 2180 11398 7 2180 11399 7 2182 11403 11 2186 11412 11 2186 11413 11 2213 11467 7 2213 11468 7 2213 11469 7 2362 11766 12 2362 11767 12 2362 11768 12 2363 11769 12 2363 11770 12 2363 11771 12 2364 11772 12 2364 11773 12 2364 11774 12 2414 11873 7 2414 11874 7 2414 11875 7 2414 11876 7 2415 11877 7 2415 11878 7 2415 11879 7 2415 11880 7 2415 11881 7 2415 11882 7 2428 11907 7 2428 11908 7 2483 12019 11 2493 12039 7 2493 12040 7 2493 12041 7 2585 12224 7 2585 12226 7 2585 12227 7 2585 12228 7 2620 12297 21 2682 12421 7 2693 12443 7 2693 12444 7 2693 12445 7 2706 12470 7 2706 12471 7 2706 12472 7 2748 12555 21 2802 12663 7 2802 12664 7 2805 12670 11 2805 12671 11 2811 12683 7 2811 12684 7 2821 12703 11 2821 12704 11 2821 12705 11 2821 12706 11 2828 12719 7 2828 12720 7 2828 12721 7 2866 12798 7 2866 12799 7 2866 12800 7 3011 13090 11 3021 13109 7 3021 13110 7 3021 13111 7 3021 13112 7 3021 13113 7 3021 13114 7 3021 13115 7 3026 13126 11 3026 13127 11 3026 13128 11 3055 13186 11 3055 13187 11 3055 13188 11 3055 13189 11 3069 13218 7 3069 13219 12 3069 13220 12 3104 13291 7 3113 13308 11 3113 13310 11 3113 13311 19 3121 13327 24 3121 13328 24 3353 13791 11 3358 13801 7 3358 13802 7 3360 13806 5 3360 13807 7 3360 13808 7 3360 13809 7 3474 14036 7 3506 14099 7 3519 14125 7 3519 14126 7 3519 14127 7 3564 14216 11 3611 14309 7 3611 14310 7 3611 14311 7 3611 14312 7 3611 14313 7 3613 14318 11 3619 14330 7 3737 14566 13 3737 14567 13 3757 14606 12 3765 14621 11 3765 14622 11 3765 14623 11 3765 14624 11 3777 14647 7 3777 14648 7 3777 14649 7 3792 14679 7 3799 14693 12 3799 14694 12 3872 14840 7 3872 14841 7 3872 14842 7 3873 14844 7 3873 14845 7 3873 14846 7 3878 14855 7 3923 14944 7 3929 14956 11 3964 15025 7 3964 15026 7 3964 15027 7 3970 15040 7 3970 15041 7 3985 15070 7 3985 15071 7 3985 15072 7 3986 15073 7 3986 15074 7 3986 15075 7 3987 15076 7 3987 15077 7 3987 15078 7 3987 15079 7 3998 15102 7 4022 15150 7 4052 15209 7 4052 15210 7 4053 15211 7 4054 15212 7 4072 15247 7 4072 15248 7 4132 15367 7 4168 15439 7 4168 15440 7 4168 15441 7 4168 15442 7 4168 15443 7 4169 15444 7 4169 15445 7 4169 15446 7 4169 15447 7 4169 15448 7 4203 15516 12 4253 15617 11 4253 15618 11 4253 15619 11 4373 15860 11 4373 15861 7 4373 15862 11 4373 15863 11 4410 15936 27 4451 16017 26 4451 16018 23 4487 16091 7 4487 16092 11 4488 16095 11 4488 16096 11 4489 16098 14 4490 16100 14 4498 16115 7 4662 16443 11 4662 16444 11 4701 16523 11 4721 16562 12 4721 16563 12 4778 16678 19 4796 16715 11 4797 16718 11 4799 16722 11 4799 16723 11 4812 16748 7 4847 16818 7 4927 16978 7 4931 16986 7 4954 17033 7 4982 17088 11 4982 17089 7 4987 17098 11 4987 17100 11 4987 17101 19 4993 17113 7 4993 17114 7 5017 17163 11 5017 17164 11 5017 17165 11 5022 17175 7 5049 17229 11 5049 17230 11 5111 17354 7 5164 17459 11 5248 17627 11 5248 17629 7 5313 17758 7 5313 17760 7 5317 17768 12 5354 17842 7 5364 17861 20 5364 17862 20 5364 17863 7 5364 17864 7 5429 17995 11 5448 18032 11 5469 18073 7 5469 18074 7 5469 18075 7 5469 18076 7 5541 18219 11 5541 18220 11 5572 18281 7 5572 18282 7 5627 18392 7 5628 18393 7 5640 18417 7 5640 18418 7 5640 18419 7 5693 18526 7 5693 18527 7 5701 18542 19 5701 18544 19 5701 18545 19 5701 18546 19 5701 18547 20 5747 18639 7 5770 18685 7 5770 18686 7 5770 18687 7 5770 18688 7 5806 18760 12 5806 18761 12 5806 18762 12 5808 18765 7 5888 18925 12 5888 18926 12 5888 18927 12 5891 18933 19 5891 18934 19 5891 18935 19 5906 18965 11 5910 18972 7 5947 19045 11 5947 19047 19 5954 19061 7 5954 19062 7 5954 19063 7 5954 19064 7 5954 19065 7 5987 19132 11 6007 19171 7 6084 19324 10 6230 19618 11 6380 19918 9 6380 19919 9 6396 19950 7 6396 19951 7 6396 19952 7 6429 20017 7 6438 20034 11 6438 20036 11 6443 20045 7 6443 20046 7 6443 20047 7 6443 20048 7 6443 20049 7 6444 20050 11 6444 20052 11 6444 20053 11 6444 20054 11 6529 20223 7 6529 20224 7 6529 20225 7 6529 20226 7 6569 20305 7 6569 20306 7 6569 20307 7 6662 20494 7 6662 20495 7 6662 20496 7 6665 20501 7 6665 20502 7 6665 20503 7 6665 20504 7 6665 20505 7 6665 20506 7 6673 20521 11 6673 20522 11 6678 20531 11 6678 20532 11 6678 20533 11 6678 20534 11 6678 20535 11 6692 20562 7 6692 20563 7 6716 20611 22 6716 20612 22 6716 20613 22 6765 20710 10 6765 20712 10 6765 20713 10 6766 20714 7 6766 20715 7 6766 20716 7 6883 20949 7 6883 20951 7 6883 20952 7 6883 20953 7 6914 21015 7 6968 21122 7 6968 21123 7

TABLE 6 RELATION OF MICRORNAS TO DISEASES BY HOST GENES HID MID H. Gene Disease(s) 31 7030, 7029 CDH6 167, 157 39 7046, 7045 PAK1 31 42 7052, 7051 MAPK8IP1 64 99 7166, 7165 ITGB3 172, 171, 118, 127, 154, 41, 67, 92, 53, 40, 111, 51, 102 103 7174, 7173 GRM7 162 125 7219, 7218 MOBP 123 127 7223, 7222 PBX1 109 128 7225, 7224 MUC1 110, 133, 31 189 7347, 7346 MYO7A 60 191 7351, 7350 CDH13 31, 176, 133, 110, 51, 167 212 7396, 7395 PAH 162 224 7420, 7419 TBXA2R 110, 133, 18 232 7438, 7437 NR3C2 57, 98 239 7454, 7453 IL16 112, 56, 92, 160, 18 243 7462, 7461 NRG1 31, 162, 154, 8, 123 246 7468, 7467 ERBB4 31, 51, 154 267 7512, 7511 CCND3 31, 122, 35, 118, 112, 109 291 7568, 7567 ALCAM 118 293 7572, 7571 DAB1 162 301 7588, 7587 PAM 154, 123, 110 311 7610, 7609 GRIA4 82, 77, 8 338 7664, 7663 SLC1A3 82, 8 355 7698, 7697 NRP2 36 363 7714, 7713 PTPN6 31, 112, 109, 93, 35 364 7716, 7715 GOLGA5 173 375 7739, 7738 HTR2C 162, 29, 120 390 7769, 7768 COL2A1 135, 60 396 7781, 7780 MLLT2 109 410 7809, 7808 TGFBR3 31 450 7888, 7887 GRIK2 82 466 7920, 7919 TIAM1 157, 70, 31 480 7948, 7947 LAMB1 154, 51 481 7950, 7949 SEMA3F 110 482 7952, 7951 PMS2 118, 79, 51, 154, 151 505 7998, 7997 EPS15 109 506 8000, 7999 ST7 51, 31, 24, 90, 83 560 8108, 8107 CDH13 31, 176, 133, 110, 51, 167 588 8164, 8163 HK2 134, 132, 64 616 8219, 8218 CYLD 166, 157 621 8229, 8228 CHRNA7 144, 8, 24, 162 626 8239, 8238 IL15 167, 110, 31, 92 631 8249, 8248 PTN 118, 31, 167, 154, 141, 133 633 8253, 8252 PAH 162 634 8255, 8254 ERBB4 31, 51, 154 648 8283, 8282 AMPH 31 654 8295, 8294 EGFR 51, 31, 167, 133, 110 669 8325, 8324 PTHR1 136 680 8348, 8347 HOXC4 166, 157, 27 681 8350, 8349 MLLT4 109 682 8352, 8351 RANBP17 109 683 8354, 8353 ATP6V1B1 158 689 8366, 8365 NRP2 36 710 8410, 8409 TNC 118, 110, 98, 31, 180, 154, 79, 51 714 8418, 8417 TPO 60, 174, 102, 61 727 8444, 8443 MLLT2 109 731 8452, 8451 FHIT 133, 110, 42, 31 744 8478, 8477 DSTN 8 780 8551, 8550 S100A1 157 800 8591, 8590 ITGA5 51, 35, 155, 112, 109, 90, 133, 122, 118 803 8597, 8596 MLLT3 109 813 8617, 8616 PTPRG 157, 110, 31 823 8637, 8636 MAP2K5 154 830 8651, 8650 SCN5A 185, 34 838 8667, 8666 GABRA3 82, 29, 47, 123 839 8669, 8668 PTPRN 64, 105, 85 861 8713, 8712 FGFR2 79, 31, 30, 154 897 8785, 8784 TJP2 51, 31, 154 925 8845, 8844 CYP11B2 98 935 8865, 8864 LPP 110, 109 945 8885, 8884 EPHB2 167 982 8958, 8957 ALK 112, 93 1029 9052, 9051 TACR1 92, 56, 120, 18, 103, 160, 141 1031 9056, 9055 SCN5A 185, 34 1037 9068, 9067 EIF4A1 118, 90 1053 9100, 9099 GRIA4 82, 77, 8 1069 9132, 9131 WNT3A 122 1086 9168, 9167 BCL11A 112, 109, 93 1103 9202, 9201 TP73L 26, 42, 30, 27, 83, 51, 48, 166, 110 1115 9226, 9225 GRIN2B 162, 77, 8 1125 9246, 9245 BIK 31 1132 9260, 9259 GRIA2 8, 77, 82, 162 1138 9272, 9271 GLDC 96 1139 9274, 9273 PRKCD 157, 154 1153 9302, 9301 GPC3 31, 90 1181 9361, 9360 RPS6KB1 31 1241 9481, 9480 ITGA3 31, 154, 118, 79, 51 1253 9505, 9504 ROBO1 31, 157, 110 1259 9517, 9516 MEIS1 109 1264 9527, 9526 RORA 154, 31 1291 9581, 9580 IGF1 60, 133, 31, 51, 67, 110, 92, 105, 64, 132 1297 9593, 9592 CACNA2D2 133 1298 9595, 9594 DAB1 162 1299 9597, 9596 NTRK3 116, 8, 109, 157 1319 9637, 9636 CDH17 109 1345 9689, 9688 CDH23 60 1353 9705, 9704 DLEU2 109 1362 9723, 9722 PTPRG 157, 110, 31 1367 9733, 9732 TPK1 117 1377 9753, 9752 SOAT1 134 1385 9769, 9768 ADCY2 8 1390 9779, 9778 ERCC5 110 1413 9826, 9825 AUTS2 24 1427 9854, 9853 CYP19A1 31, 90, 79, 154 1435 9870, 9869 PTPRF 134, 31 1513 10029, 10028 ABCA4 113 1518 10039, 10038 ITGA3 31, 154, 118, 79, 51 1520 10043, 10042 NGFR 31, 8, 92, 144, 123 1524 10051, 10050 CALCR 160, 136, 31 1541 10084, 10083 ST7 51, 31, 24, 90, 83 1542 10086, 10085 PTPRF 134, 31 1547 10096, 10095 PTOV1 154 1606 10224, 10223 GPC3 31, 90 1643 10298, 10297 F13A1 48, 56, 49 1662 10338, 10337 CD8B1 92 1663 10340, 10339 HIP1 51, 154, 109 1671 10356, 10355 AUTS2 24 1715 10444, 10443 UBE3A 24 1753 10520, 10519 ADAM12 109, 90, 47, 134, 122, 112 1766 10546, 10545 NSF 162 1771 10556, 10555 LPP 110, 109 1776 10566, 10565 SDC2 24 1801 10619, 10618 IGF1R 110, 154, 118, 31 1812 10641, 10640 IL15 167, 110, 31, 92 1866 10749, 10748 HMGA2 79, 110 1877 10771, 10770 GRIK2 82 1879 10775, 10774 RORA 154, 31 1890 10799, 10798, 10797, 10796 EIF4A2 88, 112 1900 10819, 10818 SREBF2 134, 95, 51, 154 1911 10841, 10840 ELAVL4 167 1915 10849, 10848 MTAP 110, 109, 133 1932 10884, 10883 HOXC5 112, 42 1950 10920, 10919 WWOX 122, 83, 31 1958 10936, 10935 CALCR 160, 136, 31 1973 10968, 10967 TGIF 83 2008 11038, 11037 GYPC 114 2009 11040, 11039 GYPC 114 2028 11078, 11077 CSEN 8 2037 11096, 11095 FYN 112, 109, 92, 157 2125 11275, 11274 NISCH 98 2142 11309, 11308 TMEFF2 154, 51, 30 2146 11317, 11316 HLA-DRB5 109, 105, 64, 123 2149 11325, 11324 GNAO1 8 2156 11340, 11339 FLT4 110, 31, 90, 109, 112, 154, 133, 51 2182 11403, 11402 HTR2C 162, 29, 120 2210 11461, 11460 IMP-1 51, 31 2232 11507, 11506 TPK1 117 2265 11573, 11572 CSEN 8 2268 11579, 11578 CASP8 8, 167, 157, 92, 51, 31, 133, 110 2269 11581, 11580 COL4A2 157, 154 2281 11605, 11604 VWF 64, 53, 31, 105, 103, 92, 132 2283 11609, 11608 KCNH1 42, 31 2285 11613, 11612 BIK 31 2287 11617, 11616 PTPRG 157, 110, 31 2340 11723, 11722 CRKL 109 2379 11804, 11803 CTNNBIP1 51, 118 2399 11844, 11843 RANBP17 109 2412 11870, 11869 ERBB4 31, 51, 154 2417 11886, 11885 GPC1 31 2431 11914, 11913 ROBO1 31, 157, 110 2451 11954, 11953 SCN5A 185, 34 2473 11998, 11997 ABAT 162 2480 12012, 12011 CEACAM5 31, 110, 133, 51 2482 12016, 12015 TP73 118, 112, 110, 51, 35, 31, 109, 90, 59 2494 12043, 12042 PBX1 109 2498 12051, 12050 MECP2 24, 133 2517 12089, 12088 PRKCG 31, 8, 154, 51 2538 12131, 12130 TUB 134 2543 12141, 12140 ST7 51, 31, 24, 90, 83 2549 12153, 12152 HLF 109 2551 12157, 12156 SEMA3F 110 2558 12171, 12170 APLP2 8 2583 12221, 12220 RANBP17 109 2589 12236, 12235 NTRK3 116, 8, 109, 157 2595 12248, 12247 C3 51, 31, 8, 105, 92, 64, 134, 110 2615 12288, 12287 GRIK1 82, 77, 70, 10 2636 12329, 12328 PBX1 109 2651 12359, 12358 DLEU2 109 2662 12381, 12380 DAPK1 51, 31, 30, 112, 110, 109, 176, 133 2668 12393, 12392 CDC27 118 2677 12411, 12410 PAH 162 2734 12528, 12527 ALK 112, 93 2769 12597, 12596 ED1 166, 118 2781 12621, 12620 GRM7 162 2788 12635, 12634 HDGF 90, 83 2808 12677, 12676 DPYD 30, 157, 106, 83, 51, 31 2831 12727, 12726 CAST 98, 63, 8, 160, 111, 109 2841 12747, 12746 TBX2 31 2853 12771, 12770 CALCR 160, 136, 31 2860 12785, 12784 MYH7 129, 100 2861 12787, 12786 AUTS2 24 2881 12830, 12829 SERPINA5 172 2883 12834, 12833 CACNA1G 109, 51 2887 12842, 12841 CDH13 31, 176, 133, 110, 51, 167 2892 12852, 12851 ITGA5 51, 35, 155, 112, 109, 90, 133, 122, 118 2917 12902, 12901 MITF 118, 60 2918 12904, 12903 DYSF 129 2932 12932, 12931 MME 167, 133, 110, 8 2938 12944, 12943 RORA 154, 31 2943 12954, 12953 ST7 51, 31, 24, 90, 83 2966 13000, 12999 PTPRF 134, 31 2973 13014, 13013 KCNQ1 60, 21 2980 13028, 13027 MEIS1 109 2998 13064, 13063 HOXB3 109 3003 13074, 13073 CSEN 8 3023 13119, 13118 PPP2R1B 51, 31, 110 3039 13154, 13153 DYSF 129 3052 13180, 13179 CDH23 60 3056 13191, 13190 ELN 110 3105 13293, 13292 AUTS2 24 3172 13430, 13429 AUTS2 24 3178 13442, 13441 OTOF 60 3214 13514, 13513 FUT8 138, 51 3222 13530, 13529 HLF 109 3227 13540, 13539 TCF4 162, 29 3250 13586, 13585 ACTN4 31 3300 13686, 13685 ACPP 181, 154, 30 3308 13702, 13701 AR 154, 92, 110, 51, 8, 31 3312 13710, 13709 GLP1R 132, 64 3338 13762, 13761 KCNQ1 60, 21 3361 13811, 13810 RORA 154, 31 3409 13907, 13906 GRIA3 82, 77, 29 3422 13933, 13932 DDC 167, 105, 162, 29, 24, 144, 36, 64, 23, 133 3427 13943, 13942 PTPRG 157, 110, 31 3489 14066, 14065 EDNRA 64, 51, 42, 132, 108, 98, 31, 174, 134 3504 14096, 14095 COPEB 154 3542 14173, 14172 MLLT2 109 3561 14211, 14210 GYPC 114 3592 14272, 14271 FKBP5 154 3608 14304, 14303 BCL11A 112, 109, 93 3613 14318, 14317, 14316 HTR2C 162, 29, 120 3618 14328, 14327 ALCAM 118 3684 14460, 14459 ERBB4 31, 51, 154 3693 14478, 14477 ZNFN1A1 112, 109 3754 14601, 14600 EPB41 114 3756 14605, 14604 SLC7A5 51 3778 14651, 14650 SDC2 24 3794 14683, 14682 ST7 51, 31, 24, 90, 83 3803 14702, 14701 WT1 31, 133, 110 3856 14808, 14807 STS 31 3878 14855 ADAM12 109, 90, 47, 134, 122, 112 3885 14869, 14868 FGFR2 79, 31, 30, 154 3890 14879, 14878 C3 51, 31, 8, 105, 92, 64, 134, 110 3902 14903, 14902 DLEU2 109 3924 14946, 14945 HOXC8 42, 51 3928 14954, 14953 PTPRN2 64, 105 3929 14956, 14955 HTR2C 162, 29, 120 3935 14968, 14967 GNAO1 8 3955 15008, 15007 PRDX1 70, 8, 109 3997 15099, 15098 PRKCA 51, 31, 150, 110, 64, 8, 132 4000 15106, 15105 CDH5 118 4006 15118, 15117 RUNX1 109, 160 4014 15134, 15133 GNAO1 8 4020 15146, 15145 AMPH 31 4025 15156, 15155 ETS1 110, 51, 31 4059 15222, 15221 APPBP2 31 4069 15242, 15241 MLLT2 109 4085 15274, 15273 ALK 112, 93 4086 15276, 15275 PTN 118, 31, 167, 154, 141, 133 4136 15376, 15375 PTPRN2 64, 105 4145 15394, 15393 APBB1 144, 8 4152 15408, 15407 DYSF 129 4160 15424, 15423 PLCB1 167 4162 15428, 15427 DPYD 30, 157, 106, 83, 51, 31 4171 15452, 15451 MLLT3 109 4179 15468, 15467 ALK 112, 93 4211 15532, 15531 TRPM1 118 4217 15544, 15543 IGFBP2 64, 31, 51, 132, 110, 105, 134 4229 15568, 15567 ALK 112, 93 4232 15574, 15573 LPP 110, 109 4270 15653, 15652 NF1 31, 118, 110, 51, 167 4275 15663, 15662 MGAT5 88, 51, 118, 90 4286 15685, 15684 MST1R 133, 31, 110, 51 4289 15691, 15690 NTRK1 31, 116, 173, 167, 8 4300 15713, 15712 FHIT 133, 110, 42, 31 4315 15743, 15742 APBA2 75, 51, 8 4323 15759, 15758 CACNA1A 120, 61 4344 15801, 15800 GRIA3 82, 77, 29 4352 15817, 15816 COL11A2 60 4360 15833, 15832 RAD51L1 110 4384 15885, 15884 TERT 110, 51, 31, 133 4389 15895, 15894 APBA2 75, 51, 8 4391 15899, 15898 TPO 60, 174, 102, 61 4401 15919, 15918 TMC1 60 4402 15921, 15920 AK1 86 4406 15929, 15928 MLLT3 109 4410 15936 CDK6 133, 51, 31, 167 4422 15960, 15959 VWF 64, 53, 31, 105, 103, 92, 132 4423 15962, 15961 NR3C2 57, 98 4446 16008, 16007 FHIT 133, 110, 42, 31 4454 16024, 16023 DCC 51 4469 16054, 16053 GRIA2 8, 77, 82, 162 4470 16056, 16055 ATP1A1 98, 64, 8, 105 4472 16060, 16059 PTPRG 157, 110, 31 4476 16068, 16067 SCG3 154 4477 16070, 16069 CBFA2T1 109 4480 16076, 16075 FKBP5 154 4498 16115 ERBB4 31, 51, 154 4509 16137, 16136 HOXB3 109 4529 16177, 16176 GRM7 162 4547 16213, 16212 CDX1 106, 51 4587 16293, 16292 SLC7A5 51 4589 16297, 16296 RANBP17 109 4596 16311, 16310 CACNA1A 120, 61 4608 16335, 16334 APBA2 75, 51, 8 4618 16355, 16354 NTRK2 10, 154, 8, 162 4619 16357, 16356 OTOF 60 4628 16375, 16374 PTPRN2 64, 105 4659 16437, 16436 CACNA1A 120, 61 4660 16439, 16438 CUBN 117 4672 16464, 16463 MTAP 110, 109, 133 4674 16468, 16467 DYSF 129 4680 16480, 16479 PTPRN 64, 105, 85 4695 16510, 16509 PRKCA 51, 31, 150, 110, 64, 8, 132 4706 16533, 16532 KCNH1 42, 31 4711 16543, 16542 GRIA3 82, 77, 29 4714 16549, 16548 GLP1R 132, 64 4723 16567, 16566 THRA 157, 150 4761 16643, 16642 PSG1 70 4792 16706, 16705 SEMA3F 110 4802 16729, 16728 MPZ 112 4858 16840, 16839 AUTS2 24 4864 16852, 16851 NF1 31, 118, 110, 51, 167 4866 16856, 16855 RPA1 110, 51, 31, 133 4872 16868, 16867 PTPRN 64, 105, 85 4886 16896, 16895 CD3Z 93, 157, 111 4897 16918, 16917 MSN 70, 92, 160 4898 16920, 16919 GAP43 8, 62, 10, 162, 29 4900 16924, 16923 PAX2 157 4909 16942, 16941 MYH6 129, 100 4919 16962, 16961 HK2 134, 132, 64 4929 16982, 16981 ZNFN1A1 112, 109 4936 16996, 16995 TNC 118, 110, 98, 31, 180, 154, 79, 51 4941 17006, 17005 PLCB1 167 4959 17043, 17042 PTPRF 134, 31 5001 17130, 17129 ERBB2 110, 133, 154, 26, 176, 167, 51, 31, 30 5026 17183, 17182 YWHAG 118 5037 17205, 17204 KCNN3 162, 29 5040 17211, 17210 DPYD 30, 157, 106, 83, 51, 31 5070 17272, 17271 MUC1 110, 133, 31 5079 17290, 17289 CDC10 112 5126 17384, 17383 GRB7 83, 31 5134 17400, 17399 HTR2C 162, 29, 120 5139 17410, 17409 ROBO1 31, 157, 110 5143 17418, 17417 GRIA2 8, 77, 82, 162 5166 17464, 17463 ALK 112, 93 5174 17480, 17479 CENPF 90, 31 5189 17510, 17509 PROS1 172 5231 17594, 17593 CTNND2 154 5263 17659, 17658 BCL9 112, 109 5309 17751, 17750 MLLT3 109 5331 17796, 17795 PTPRF 134, 31 5332 17798, 17797 GRIA4 82, 77, 8 5350 17834, 17833 PAPPA 53, 70 5363 17860, 17859 GRIN2B 162, 77, 8 5406 17948, 17947 SYN2 8, 162 5409 17954, 17953 DYSF 129 5504 18146, 18145 ST7 51, 31, 24, 90, 83 5518 18174, 18173 CPB2 172, 127 5556 18250, 18249 MAP2K5 154 5563 18264, 18263 PRKCA 51, 31, 150, 110, 64, 8, 132 5603 18344, 18343 MUC1 110, 133, 31 5630 18397, 18396 FMR2 84 5636 18409, 18408 PRDM2 90, 51, 79, 31, 112, 110 5638 18413, 18412 THRB 157, 154, 150, 133, 31, 167 5647 18433, 18432 MOBP 123 5670 18479, 18478 APBA2 75, 51, 8 5686 18511, 18510 LPA 52, 8 5697 18535, 18534 ACTN4 31 5711 18567, 18566 CDH13 31, 176, 133, 110, 51, 167 5721 18587, 18586 SREBF1 132, 92, 64, 134 5725 18595, 18594 SCN5A 185, 34 5738 18621, 18620 TCF4 162, 29 5745 18635, 18634 HTR2C 162, 29, 120 5765 18675, 18674 CSEN 8 5803 18754, 18753 PTPRF 134, 31 5820 18789, 18788 FMR2 84 5827 18803, 18802 HOXA3 109 5832 18813, 18812 HSD11B1 134 5833 18815, 18814 GRIN2B 162, 77, 8 5869 18887, 18886 HSPG2 133, 110, 31, 8 5890 18931, 18930 DAB1 162 5901 18955, 18954 TIAM1 157, 70, 31 5913 18978, 18977 ITGA11 133 5923 18998, 18997 PTCH 30, 27, 166, 83, 31 5942 19036, 19035 DCC 51 5943 19038, 19037 SFTPB 110 5967 19091, 19090 GFRA1 116 6006 19170, 19169 CDH13 31, 176, 133, 110, 51, 167 6025 19207, 19206 AUTS2 24 6044 19245, 19244 BCL11B 109 6057 19271, 19270 PTPRG 157, 110, 31 6070 19297, 19296 CXADR 154, 30 6082 19321, 19320 GABRA3 82, 29, 47, 123 6118 19393, 19392 DMD 129 6127 19411, 19410 PRKCG 31, 8, 154, 51 6151 19459, 19458 STS 31 6152 19461, 19460 HTR2C 162, 29, 120 6159 19475, 19474 PARK2 144, 61 6164 19485, 19484 ED1 166, 118 6213 19583, 19582 NCOR2 109, 31 6220 19597, 19596 CRHR1 57 6233 19624, 19623 GRM3 162, 29 6255 19668, 19667 LIPC 97, 64, 53, 132, 105 6272 19702, 19701 TIE 109, 31, 4, 166, 157, 118 6285 19728, 19727 PAX5 112 6289 19736, 19735 MME 167, 133, 110, 8 6327 19812, 19811 IGSF4 133, 110, 90, 154, 31 6329 19816, 19815 GRM7 162 6338 19834, 19833 RAD51L1 110 6342 19842, 19841 GOLGA5 173 6344 19846, 19845 BAI1 133, 110, 51 6385 19929, 19928 CTNNA1 152, 51 6398 19956, 19955 AUTS2 24 6408 19976, 19975 LGI1 82 6418 19996, 19995 KCNQ3 82 6420 20000, 19999 MYO7A 60 6421 20002, 20001 NTRK3 116, 8, 109, 157 6447 20060, 20059 CHD4 63 6503 20172, 20171 ACVR1B 150, 140 6505 20176, 20175 CDK6 133, 51, 31, 167 6521 20208, 20207 SGCD 100, 129 6542 20252, 20251 HMGA2 79, 110 6571 20311, 20310 HK2 134, 132, 64 6575 20319, 20318 DBP 87 6577 20323, 20322 MTAP 110, 109, 133 6580 20329, 20328 TGFBI 83 6582 20333, 20332 KCNQ3 82 6588 20345, 20344 SLC7A5 51 6600 20369, 20368 PTPRF 134, 31 6602 20373, 20372 FLJ22795 51, 110 6611 20391, 20390 TGM1 133, 8 6612 20393, 20392 CHRNB1 124 6614 20397, 20396 PAX2 157 6670 20516, 20515 GPC3 31, 90 6671 20518, 20517 SCN5A 185, 34 6676 20528, 20527 CACNA1G 109, 51 6696 20571, 20570 PRKCA 51, 31, 150, 110, 64, 8, 132 6742 20665, 20664 GRIK4 162, 82 6756 20693, 20692 HTR2C 162, 29, 120 6760 20701, 20700 NEB 129 6776 20736, 20735 TGFBR3 31 6779 20742, 20741 HTR2C 162, 29, 120 6789 20762, 20761 GRIA3 82, 77, 29 6811 20806, 20805 CPB1 141 6819 20822, 20821 HD 8, 51 6821 20826, 20825 BCL11B 109 6835 20854, 20853 NLGN3 24 6844 20872, 20871 MEST 110, 51, 31 6846 20876, 20875 CA12 31, 157 6847 20878, 20877 GABRA3 82, 29, 47, 123 6867 20918, 20917 BIK 31 6887 20961, 20960 CDH13 31, 176, 133, 110, 51, 167 6918 21023, 21022 PAX3 118, 60 6960 21107, 21106 PRKDC 51, 109

TABLE 7 TISSUE AND DISEASE CODES FOR TABLE 2 AND 3 Tissue or Disease name ID Prostate adenocarcinoma 1 Lung adenocarcinoma 2 Skeletal muscle 3 Spleen 4 Lung 5 Lung adenocarcinoma 6 Placenta 7 Embryonic Stem cells 8 Prostate adenocarcinoma 9 Prostate 10 Brain Substantia Nigra 11 Testis 12 Uterus carcinoma cell line (HeLa) 13 Adipose 14 Lung carcinoma cell line (H1299) 15 Lung carcinoma cell line (H1299) with P53 16 Overy and Small Intestine (mixture) 17 Embryonic Stem carcinoma cells 18 Brain 19 Brain with Alzheimer 20 Uterus carcinoma cell line (cMagi) with HIV 21 T cell line (MT2) 22 T cell line (MT2) with HIV 23 Placenta and Brain Substantia Nigra (mixture) 24 B cell line 25 T cell line (MT2) with HIV and Brain Substantia Nigra (mixture) 26 T cell line (MT2) with HIV and Lung adenocarcinoma (mixture) 27

TABLE 8 DISEASE CODES FOR TABLES 5 AND 6 Disease Name ID Addisons disease 1 Adenovirus 2 Adrenal cortical carcinoma 3 Aids 4 Allergic contact dermatitis 5 Alopecia 6 Alpha thalassemia 7 Alzheimer 8 Amyloidosis 9 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 10 Anal cancer 11 Anorexia Nervosa 12 Antisocial Personality Disorder 13 Aortic Aneurysm 14 Aortic stenosis 15 Aplastic anemia 16 Appendicitis 17 Asthma 18 Atherosclerosis 19 Atopic dermatitis 20 Atrial fibrillation 21 Atrophic gastriris 22 Attention Deficit Disorder 23 Autism 24 Bacillary Dysentery 25 Barrett Esophagus 26 Basal cell carcinoma 27 Beta Thalassemia 28 Bipolar Disorder 29 Bladder cancer 30 Breast cancer 31 Bronchiectasis 32 Bulimia 33 Bundle-Branch Block 34 Burkitt lymphoma 35 Carcinoid 36 Cataract 37 Celiac Disease 38 Cerebral Hemorrhage 39 Cerebral Infarction 40 Cerebrovascular Accident 41 Cervical cancer 42 Chlamydia 43 Cholelithiasis 44 Cholestasis 45 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 46 Cirrhosis 47 Cleft Lip 48 Cleft Palate 49 Clostridium 50 Colorectal cancer 51 Coronary artery disease 52 Coronary disease 53 Coronary spasm 54 Coxsackievirus 55 Crohn disease 56 Cushing Syndrome 57 Cystic fibrosis 58 Cytomegalovirus 59 Deafness 60 Dementia 61 Depressive Disorder 62 Dermatomyositis 63 Diabetes Mellitus 64 Diabetic Nephropathy 65 Diabetic Neuropathies 66 Diabetic Retinopathy 67 Diphtheria 68 Diverticulitis 69 Down Syndrome 70 Duodenal Neoplasms 71 Duodenal Ulcer 72 Dyslexia 73 E. coli 74 EBV 75 Emphysema 76 Encephalitis 77 Endocarditis 78 Endometrial carcinoma 79 Enterovirus 80 Enuresis 81 Epilepsy 82 Esophageal cancer 83 Fragile X Syndrome 84 Gestational Diabetes 85 Hemolytic anemia 86 Hemophilia 87 Hepatitis 88 Hepatocellular carcinoma 89 Hepatocellular carcinoma 90 Herpes 91 HIV 92 Hodgkin Disease 93 HTLV 94 Hypercholesterolemia 95 Hyperglycemia 96 Hyperlipidemia 97 Hypertension 98 Hypertrophic Cardiomopathy 99 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 100 Infectious Mononucleosis 101 Infertility 102 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 103 Influenza 104 Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 105 Intestinal Neoplasms 106 Kidney Failure 107 Left Ventricular Dysfunction 108 Leukemia 109 Lung cancer 110 Lupus Erythematosus 111 Lymphoma 112 Macular Degeneration 113 Malaria 114 Measles 115 Medullary thyroid carcinoma 116 Megaloblastic anemia 117 Melanoma 118 Meningitis 119 Migraine 120 Multiinfarct dementia 121 Multiple Myeloma 122 Multiple Sclerosis 123 Myasthenia Gravis 124 Mycobacterium 125 Mycoplasma 126 Myocardial Infarction 127 Myocarditis 128 Myopathy 129 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 130 Nephrolithiasis 131 Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 132 Nonsmall cell lung cancer 133 Obesity 134 Osteoarthritis 135 Osteoporosis 136 Otitis Media 137 Ovarian cancer 138 Pagets Disease 139 Pancreatic cancer 140 Pancreatitis 141 Papilloma 142 Paramyxoviridae 143 Parkinson 144 Peptic Ulcer 145 Peripheral Vascular Diseases 146 Peritonitis 147 Pertussis 148 Picornaviridae 149 Pituitary tumor 150 Polyposis 151 Polyposis coli 152 Postpartum depression 153 Prostate cancer 154 Psoriasis 155 Psoriatic arthritis 156 Renal cell carcinoma 157 Renal Tubular Acidosis 158 Respiratory Syncytial Virus 159 Rheumatoid arthritis 160 Rhinitis 161 Schizophrenia 162 Sickle cell anemia 163 Sideroblastic anemia 164 Sinusitis 165 Skin Neoplasms 166 Small cell carcinoma 167 Stroke 168 Sudden cardiac death 169 Syphilis 170 Thrombocytopenia 171 Thrombosis 172 Thyroid carcinoma 173 Thyroiditis 174 Toxoplasmosis 175 Transitional cell carcinoma 176 Trichomonas vaginitis 177 Tuberculosis 178 Turner Syndrome 179 Ulcerative colitis 180 Urethral neoplasms 181 Urinary calculi 182 Urticaria 183 Vascular dementia 184 Ventricular Fibrillation 185 Ventricular tachycardia 186 Virus Diseases 187

TABLE 9 RELATION OF TARGET GENES TO DISEASE Gene Name Disease Code A2M 8, 76, 144 AAAS 1 AANAT 27, 118 AARS 63 AAT1 14 AAT2 14 ABAT 162 AECA1 53 ABCA4 113 ABCB1 31, 51, 92, 167, 110, 133, 152 ABCB11 45 ABCB4 31, 44, 45 ABCB7 164 AECC1 31, 110 ABCC2 51, 90 ABCC3 30, 110, 133, 167 ABCC4 110 ABCC5 92, 110 ABCC6 109 ABCC8 64, 132 ABCD1 1 ABCD3 51 ABCG2 31, 109, 110 ABL1 31, 51, 109 ABL2 109 ABO 30, 109 ABP1 42, 79, 154 ACE 8, 31, 65, 110, 127, 133 ACHE 8, 10 ACO1 8 ACP1 64, 105, 134 ACP5 31, 107, 160 ACPP 30, 154, 181 ACR 102 ACTA1 129 ACTB 8, 31, 51, 167 ACTC 100, 129, 162 ACTG1 60 ACTN4 31 ACVR1 31, 150 ACVR1B 140, 150 ACVR2 150 ACY1 110, 157, 167 AD2 8 AD5 8 AD6 8 AD7C-NTP 8 AD8 8 ADA 86 ADAM10 21, 135 ADAM11 31 ADAM12 47, 90, 109, 112, 122, 134 ADAM17 160 ADAM2 8 ADAMTS13 4, 171 ADAMTS4 160 ADCY1 8 ADCY2 8 ADCY8 8 ADCYAP1 110, 140, 150, 154, 167 ADD1 98 ADFN 60 ADH1B 83 ADH1C 31, 127 ADM 3, 52, 64, 132, 154, 79, 85, 108 ADORA1 8, 58, 186 ADORA3 118 ADPRT 31, 51, 110 ADRA2A 8, 23, 62, 134, 162 ADRA2C 23 ADRB1 8, 52, 53, 98, 134 ADRB2 8, 18, 58, 132, 134, 64, 97, 98 ADRB3 53, 64, 67, 134, 97, 98, 132 ADRBK1 53, 58, 98, 160 ADSL 24 AF15Q14 109 AF3P21 109 AF5Q31 109 AFM 90 AFP 31, 154 AGER 8, 9, 64, 146, 105, 132, 133 AGR2 31 AGRN 8 AGRP 12, 134 AGT 8, 64, 65, 98, 105, 132 AGTR1 3, 15, 53, 127, 98, 99, 105, 64, 65, 95 AGTR2 57, 95, 108 AHR 31, 79, 110, 154 AIF1 40 AIRE 1, 64, 105, 174 AK1 86 AKAP12 110, 124 AKR1B1 64, 66, 90, 105 AKR1B10 90 AKT1 10, 31, 64, 133, 154, 162, 79, 110, 132 AKT2 31, 83, 110 AKT3 31, 51, 110, 154 ALAS2 164 ALB 4, 8, 31, 133, 167, 105, 110, 132, 51, 64, 92 ALCAM 118 ALDH1A1 133, 157 ALDH3A1 31, 83, 90 ALDOA 110 ALK 93, 112 ALMS1 134 ALOX12 64, 98, 132, 154 ALOX15 51, 154 ALOX15B 154 ALOX5 18, 31, 92, 140, 154, 180, 109, 110, 112 ALOX5AP 18, 92, 127, 168 ALPL 31 ALPP 70, 79 ALS2 10 ALS4 10 ALS6 10 ALSFTD 10, 61 AMACR 51, 154 AMBP 92, 110 AMFR 30, 118, 133, 154 AMN 117 AMPH 31 AMT 96 AMY2A 64, 105 ANG 31, 42, 51, 109, 118, 154 ANGPT1 31, 42, 133 ANGPT2 31, 51, 90 ANGPT4 31, 157 ANON 12 ANP32A 92 ANPEP 51, 123 ANXA1 31, 83, 110, 154 ANXA2 110, 154, 167 ANXA3 43 AOC3 8, 61, 103, 107, 121 AOCH 49 AOMS1 134 AOMS2 134 APBA1 51 APBA2 8, 51, 75 APBB1 8, 144 APC 31, 51, 83, 167, 151, 152, 154, 106, 110, 133 APCS 8, 9, 64, 132 APEH 157 APEX1 10, 42, 51, 109 APLP1 8 APLP2 8 APM1 12, 64, 92, 98, 132, 134 APOA2 64, 95, 98, 127, 132 APOA4 8, 9, 53, 134, 141, 105, 127, 132, 64, 95, 97 APOB 4, 8, 31, 105, 132, 64, 92, 95 APOBEC1 51 APOBEC3G 92 APOC1 8, 64, 95, 97, 132 APOC2 8, 64, 132 APOC3 8, 53, 64, 134, 97, 105, 132 APOD 8, 29, 31, 132, 162, 64, 123, 127 APOH 64, 111 APOL1 162 APOL2 162 APOL4 162 APP 8, 9, 31, 123, 162 APPBP2 31 APRIN 154 APRT 131, 182 APXL 118 AQP1 157 AQP2 81, 130 AR 8, 31, 51, 92, 110, 154 AREG 30, 31, 42, 155, 133, 51, 154 ARG2 64 ARH 95 ARHA 31, 51, 89, 154, 159, 90, 110, 118 ARHB 31 ARHC 31 ARHI 31, 138 ARHU 31, 51, 157 ARMD1 113 ARMET 140 ARNT 31, 109 ARVCF 29 ARX 82 AS1 18 ASAH1 20, 106, 154 ASC 17, 31 ASCL1 167 ASGR1 47, 88, 90 ASPSCR1 157 ATF1 118 ATF2 31, 110, 118 ATF3 51 ATF6 8 ATIC 112 ATM 31, 93, 112 ATP10A 24 ATP1A1 8, 64, 98, 105 ATP1A2 120 ATP1A4 120 ATP2A1 129 ATP2A2 29 ATP6B1 60, 158 ATP6V0A4 158 ATP6V1B1 158 ATP6V1G2 160 ATP7B 31 ATP8B1 45 ATPIF1 129 ATRX 31, 51, 112 AURKB 51 AUTS1 24 AUTS2 24 AUTS3 24 AUTS4 24 AVP 110, 167 AVPR1A 24, 57, 98 AVPR1B 36, 57, 110, 150 AVPR2 130 AXIN1 90 AXIN2 51 AXL 51, 90, 109, 110, 167 AZGP1 31, 154 AZU1 8 B2M 4, 8, 9, 123, 133, 92, 110, 118, 31, 51, 77 B3GALT1 51 B3GALT2 154 BAALC 109 BACE 8 BACE2 8, 31, 51, 70 BAD 8, 109, 110, 118 BAG1 31, 42, 109 BAI1 51, 110, 133 BAK1 8, 31, 51, 166, 110, 133, 154 BAL 112 BARD1 31 BAX 8, 31, 51, 123, 167, 110, 133 BBP 8 BCAR1 2, 31, 118 BCAR3 31 BCAS1 31, 51 BCAS2 31 BCHE 8, 110 BCL1 112 BCL10 31, 42, 51, 157, 112, 122, 154, 79, 109, 110 BCL11A 93, 109, 112 BCL11B 109 BCL2 4, 8, 31, 167, 112, 123, 133, 51, 92, 110 BCL2L1 8, 31, 51, 167, 123, 133, 154, 92, 110, 122 BCL3 48, 49, 83, 109, 112 BCL6 4, 31, 112 BCL7A 93, 112 BCL8 112 BCL9 109, 112 BCMP11 31 BCPR 31 BDKRB1 160 BDKRB2 18, 64, 92, 132, 154, 160 BDNF 8, 123 BF 174 BFSP2 37 BGLAP 31, 64, 92, 136, 105, 110, 132 BID 90, 154 BIK 31 BIN1 31, 118, 154 BIRC2 42, 83, 123 BIRC3 110, 112, 122, 123 BIRC4 51, 109, 122, 133 BIRC5 31, 51, 110, 133, 140 BIRC7 118 BLCAP 30, 157 BLM 51, 106, 109 BLMH 8, 35, 112 BLR1 4, 92, 109, 112, 122, 123 BLZF1 109 BMP1 154 BMP2 154 BMP3 154 BMP6 154 BMPR1A 151 BMPR2 98, 154 BMX 154 BPGM 86 BRAF 51, 110, 118 BRCA1 31, 51, 138 BRCA2 31, 51, 110, 133, 140, 154 BRCA3 31 BRCATA 31 BRCD1 31 BRIP1 31 BRS3 110, 134 BSG 92, 118, 166 BSND 60 BST2 122 BTC 79 BUB1 51, 109, 110, 112, 133 BUB1B 51, 109, 112 BULN 33 BZRP 8, 31, 162 C11orf17 31, 154 C13orf1 109 C1QA 111 C1QB 8, 10 C1R 8, 77, 123 C1S 8, 111 C21orf107 70 C21orf33 60 C3 8, 31, 51, 110, 134, 64, 92, 105 C3AR1 18, 119, 123 C4A 64, 105, 111, 127 C4BPA 148 C4BPB 148 C5 8, 92, 119, 127 C5orf7 109 C5R1 18, 92, 119, 123 C6orf15 155 C6orf18 155 C7 8 C9 8, 63, 119, 123, 127 CA1 109, 133, 141 CA12 31, 157 CA2 158 CA9 31, 42, 51, 118, 133, 157 CAAR 37 CAB2 31 CACNA1A 61, 120 CACNA1G 51, 109 CACNA2D2 133 CACNB2 82, 167 CACNB4 82 CALB1 8, 10, 51, 82, 144 CALB2 8, 51, 162 CALCA 110, 136, 167 CALCB 116, 160 CALCR 31, 136, 160 CALCRL 98 CALR 35, 38, 51, 160, 111, 112, 154 CANX 31, 58 CAPN10 64, 132 CARD15 56, 103, 156, 180 CARD4 103 CART 134 CASP1 4, 31, 51, 92, 123 CASP10 93, 112, 133 CASP2 8, 109 CASP3 8, 31, 42, 154, 110, 123, 133, 51, 92, 109 CASP5 51, 79, 133 CASP6 31, 118, 154 CASP7 31, 51, 154, 157 CASP8 8, 31, 51, 157, 167, 92, 110, 133 CASP9 4, 8, 31, 122, 133, 51, 90, 110 CASQ2 186 CASR 31, 64, 132, 136 CAST 8, 63, 98, 109, 111, 160 CAT 4, 8, 31, 110, 132, 133, 51, 64, 92 CATM 37 CAV1 31, 47, 51, 154, 155, 83, 92, 110 CAV2 83, 154 CBFA2T1 109 CBFA2T3 31, 109 CBL 109, 112 CBS 19, 70 CCA1 37 CCAL1 135 CCFDN 37 CCK 8, 64, 132, 167 CCKAR 44, 64, 132, 134, 141, 162 CCKBR 51, 64, 110, 132, 162, 167 CCL1 5, 92, 125, 159 CCL11 18, 20, 56, 165, 180, 183, 92, 93, 159 CCL13 18, 155 CCL17 5, 18, 20, 93, 109 CCL2 8, 31, 64, 167, 123, 132, 133, 92, 105, 110 CCL20 155, 160 CCL21 20 CCL24 18 CCL3 4, 31, 51, 92, 94, 123 CCL4 4, 8, 31, 123, 133, 92, 94, 110 CCL5 31, 42, 92, 94, 123, 133 CCL7 18, 20, 92, 123, 180 CCL8 92, 112 CCNA1 109 CCNB1 8, 31, 51, 110, 133 CCNC 31, 109 CCND1 31, 51, 110, 180, 133, 112, 122, 167 CCND2 31, 51 CCND3 31, 35, 109, 112, 118, 122 CCNE1 31, 110, 133, 167 CCNE2 31, 42, 109, 133, 167 CCNI 31 CCNP 37 CCNT1 92 CCR1 88, 91, 92, 123, 160 CCR2 4, 18, 61, 135, 136, 160, 92, 122, 123 CCR3 18, 20, 92, 93, 123 CCR4 18, 20, 88, 112, 123, 92, 93, 111 CCR5 4, 61, 92, 123 CCR6 94, 109, 112, 122, 160 CCR7 31, 59, 92, 118, 93, 109, 112 CCR8 18, 46, 92, 123 CCS 10 CCSSO 37 CCT 37 CCV 37 CD14 4, 31, 51, 92, 123 CD151 110, 133 CD163 109, 123, 160 CD19 31, 51, 92, 110 CD1A 31, 92 CD1B 20, 123 CD1C 111 CD1D 64, 105, 109 CD22 92 CD24 31, 35, 90, 133, 154, 167, 109, 110, 112 CD33 31 CD34 31, 92 CD36 31, 64, 92, 167, 114, 171, 110, 132 CD37 109, 112 CD38 4, 64, 92, 105, 132 CD3G 92 CD3Z 93, 111, 157 CD4 4, 31, 92, 111 CD44 31, 51, 92, 133, 157, 109, 110, 123 CD47 109 CD58 31, 51, 64, 92, 105 CD59 4, 8, 31, 114, 51, 92, 110 CD63 92, 118 CD68 4, 92 CD69 18, 31, 64, 160, 178, 92, 105, 111 CD74 110, 133, 167 CD80 31, 51, 64, 123, 105, 92, 110 CD83 31, 92, 109, 157 CD86 31, 51, 64, 92, 105, 123 CD8A 38, 88, 92, 93, 109, 157 CD8B1 92 CD9 31, 51, 133, 167 CD97 112, 160 CDA 109 CDC10 112 CDC2 8, 31, 51, 167, 92, 110, 133 CDC25A 31, 51, 83, 112, 133 CDC25B 31, 51, 83, 112, 133 CDC25C 79, 112, 166 CDC27 118 CDC2L1 112, 118 CDC2L2 118 CDC42 31, 51 CDH1 31 CDH11 31, 51, 154 CDH13 31, 51, 110, 133, 167, 176 CDH17 109 CDH23 60 CDH5 118 CDH6 157, 167 CDK10 31, 112 CDK2 31, 42, 51, 110, 133 CDK4 8, 31, 51, 110, 118, 133 CDK5 8, 10 CDK5R1 8, 70 CDK6 31, 51, 133, 167 CDK7 31, 51 CDK9 92 CDKN1A 31, 51, 79, 133, 167, 180, 90, 92, 110 CDKN1B 31, 110, 133, 167 CDKN1C 3, 30, 31, 110, 141, 51, 90, 109 CDKN2A 8, 31, 51, 133, 140, 167, 109, 110, 118 CDKN2A_ARF 31, 51, 110, 133, 180 CDKN2B 31, 110, 133, 167 CDKN2C 8, 31, 94, 122, 133, 109, 112, 118 CDKN2D 31, 109, 110, 167 CDPD1 60 CDR2 31 CDSN 155 CDW52 109, 123, 160, 174 CDX1 51, 106 CDX2 51, 106, 151 CDY1 102 CEACAM1 31, 51, 79, 154, 90, 110, 118 CEACAM5 31, 51, 110, 133 CEACAM6 31, 51, 109, 133 CEACAM8 135, 157, 160 CEBPA 31, 90, 109, 110 CEBPB 31, 51, 92 CEBPE 109 CENPF 31, 90 CES2 51 CETP 53, 64, 105, 132 CFLAR 93, 109, 112, 118, 122, 123 CFM1 58 CFTR 18, 32, 58, 102, 141 CGA 30, 31, 70, 110, 150 CGB 31, 110, 133 CGB5 30, 110 CGB7 110 CGB8 30, 110 CHAT 8, 10, 124 CHD3 63 CHD4 63 CHEK2 31, 51, 110, 154, 167 CHGA 110, 133, 167 CHGB 36, 110, 167 CHI3L1 31, 160 CHK 31, 51, 166 CHL1 162 CHRM1 8, 144, 162 CHRM2 8, 18, 62, 162, 169 CHRM3 8, 18, 51, 154 CHRM4 8, 18, 144 CHRNA1 124 CHRNA3 82 CHRNA4 8, 24, 82, 144 CHRNA5 82 CHRNA7 8, 24, 144, 162 CHRNB1 124 CHRNB2 82, 162 CHRNE 124 CHRNG 124 CHST2 51 CHUK 31, 118, 154 CHX10 37 CIP29 35, 90, 109, 112 CIRH1A 47 CKB 8, 109, 127 CKMT1 93, 129 CLCA1 51 CLCN2 82 CLCN5 131 CLCNKB 98 CLDN1 31, 51 CLDN11 123 CLDN14 60 CLOCK 62 CLTCL1 112 CLU 8, 10, 31, 127, 154 CMD1B 129 CMD1C 129 CMD1E 129 CMD1F 129 CMD1H 129 CMD1J 129 CMD1K 129 CMH6 129, 144 CMKBR2 92 CMKBR5 92 CMM 118 CNK 110 CNN1 90 CNP 8, 70, 123 CNR1 31, 144, 154, 162 CNTF 8, 10, 122, 162 COCH 60 COL11A2 60 COL17A1 27, 91, 154 COL18A1 31, 35, 90, 112, 157, 109, 133 COL1A1 136 COL1A2 136 COL2A1 60, 135 COL3A1 14 COL4A1 154 COL4A2 154, 157 COL4A3 118 COL4A4 67 COL4A6 83, 154, 157 COL6A1 70, 129 COL6A2 129 COL6A3 129 COL9A3 129 COMP 160 COMT 23, 29, 31, 62, 144, 162 COPEB 154 COPS5 31, 150 CORTBP2 24 COX15 129 COX4I1 8 CP 8, 64, 105, 110, 132, 144 CPA5 24 CPB1 141 CPB2 127, 172 CPE 64, 105 CPI 49 CPLX1 29, 162 CPLX2 29, 162 CPT2 129 CPX 49 CR1 4, 47, 92, 123, 160, 110, 111, 122 CR2 18, 75, 92, 109, 111 CRABP1 42, 79, 109 CRABP2 166 CRAT 8 CREB1 8, 110 CREBBP 109 CREM 3, 94, 102, 111, 154 CRH 8, 110, 123 CRHBP 8, 57, 160 CRHR1 57 CRISP3 154 CRKL 109 CRMP1 110 CRYAA 37 CRYAB 8, 37, 75, 123, 129 CRYBA1 37 CRYBB1 37 CRYBB2 37 CRYGC 37 CRYGD 37 CRYGS 37 CRYM 60 CS 8, 47, 64, 132 CSE1L 31, 51, 109 CSEN 8 CSF2 4, 31, 51, 166, 167, 92, 110, 133 CSF3 4, 31, 64, 133, 167, 92, 110, 132 CSH1 31, 70, 85 CSH2 31 CSK 154 CSN2 64, 105 CSPG2 31, 109, 118, 154 CSRP3 129, 154 CST 90, 157 CST3 8, 9, 10, 123, 51, 53, 110 CST6 31 CSTA 31, 154 CSTB 51, 82 CTAA1 37 CTAA2 37 CTAG1 51, 83, 110, 157, 112, 118, 122 CTAG2 30, 118, 133, 154 CTGF 31, 47, 64, 109, 65, 103, 105 CTLA4 1, 18, 38, 174, 123, 124, 160, 105, 111, 122, 64, 92, 93 CTM 37 CTNNA1 51, 152 CTNNB1 31, 51, 90, 110, 133 CTNNBIP1 51, 118 CTNND1 30, 51, 118, 133, 154 CTNND2 154 CTPP 37 CTPP3 37 CTPS 109 CTSB 8, 31, 51, 110, 123, 133 CTSD 8, 31, 51, 92 CTSE 8 CTSG 8, 41, 56, 127, 172, 180 CTSH 110, 154 CTSK 135 CTSL 22, 31, 51, 76, 83, 118 CTSL2 31, 51, 157 CTSS 8, 70, 110 CTSW 109 CUBN 117 CUL2 157 CUTL1 31, 109 CX3CL1 56, 77, 92, 160 CX3CR1 4, 92 CXADR 30, 154 CXCL1 56, 74, 104, 166, 155, 160, 118, 135, 154 CXCL10 31, 51, 77, 133, 92, 110, 123 CXCL12 4, 31, 52, 154, 160, 106, 109, 112, 61, 90, 92 CXCL13 160 CXCL2 74, 118 CXCL5 74, 110, 126, 133, 160 CXCL9 5, 58, 88, 123 CXCR3 109, 123 CXCR4 31, 52, 91, 160, 170, 92, 154, 157 CXCR6 92 CXorf6 129 CYLD 157, 166 CYP11A1 3 CYP11B2 98 CYP19A1 31, 79, 90, 154 CYP1A1 27, 31, 51, 110, 154, 157, 79, 83, 88 CYP1A2 51, 88, 141, 162 CYP1B1 31, 51, 83, 110, 154, 166 CYP21A2 1, 64, 105 CYP27A1 154 CYP27B1 42, 51, 154 CYP2A6 51, 83, 110 CYP2C19 30, 154 CYP2C9 45, 88, 110 CYP2D@ 144 CYP2D6 10, 11, 27, 162, 88, 110, 144, 30, 31, 62 CYP3A4 90, 92, 109, 154 CYP46A1 8 CYP7A1 44 CYP7B1 88 CYR61 31, 133 D12S2489E 59 D2S448 118, 166 DAB1 162 DAB2 31, 154 DAB2IP 154 DAF 4, 42, 51, 114, 123, 109, 110, 112 DAO 162 DAPK1 30, 31, 51, 133, 176, 109, 110, 112 DAZ 102 DAZL 102 DBCCR1 30, 176 DBH 23, 29, 162 DBI 8, 47, 162 DBN1 8, 70 DBP 87 DCC 51 DCK 70, 109, 154 DCN 31, 51 DCR 70 DCT 118 DCTD 109 DCX 82 DDB1 88, 113 DDB2 88 DDC 23, 24, 29, 167, 133, 144, 162, 36, 64, 105 DDIT3 31, 133 DDR1 31 DDX10 109 DDX26 110, 133 DDX6 51, 112 DEK 109, 111 DES 4, 110, 129, 167 DEXI 76 DFFB 31 DFN2 60 DFN4 60 DFN6 60 DFNA16 60 DFNA18 60 DFNA2 60 DFNA23 60 DFNA24 60 DFNA25 60 DFNA30 60 DFNA4 60 DFNA44 60 DFNA49 60 DFNA5 60 DFNA52 60 DFNA7 60 DFNB13 60 DFNB14 60 DFNB15 60 DFNB17 60 DFNB20 60 DFNB26 60 DFNB27 60 DFNB31 60 DFNB33 60 DFNB38 60 DFNB39 60 DFNB40 60 DFNB5 60 DFNM1 60 DHCR24 8 DIA1 133 DIABLO 154 DIAPH1 60 DIO2 150 DIRC2 157 DISC1 29, 62, 162 DISC2 162 DJ1 144 DKK3 133 DLAT 47 DLD 128 DLEC1 83, 110 DLEU1 109 DLEU2 109 DLGAP2 82 DLST 8 DMBT1 51, 83, 110, 133, 154, 167 DMD 129 DMT1 61 DNASE1 58, 111 DNMT1 30, 31, 51, 176, 152, 154, 157, 88, 90, 110 DNMT3B 30, 51, 88, 133, 157, 167, 90, 109, 110 DNTT 109 DOK1 109 DP1 152 DPH2L1 31 DPM3 154 DPP4 4, 51, 64, 154, 161, 92, 118, 132 DPYD 30, 31, 51, 83, 106, 157 DPYSL5 110 DRD1 8, 29, 98, 144, 162 DRD2 8, 110, 162, 167 DRD3 23, 29, 73, 144, 162 DRD4 12, 23, 29, 144, 162 DRD5 23, 24, 29, 144, 162 DSC3 31 DSCAM 70 DSCR1 8, 70 DSCR3 70 DSCR5 70 DSCR8 70, 118 DSG1 83 DSP 31, 129 DSPP 60 DSTN 8 DTNBP1 162 DTR 51, 68, 110, 122, 134, 154 DTYMK 31 DUSP1 30, 31, 51, 154 DUT 51 DYRK1A 70 DYSF 129 DYT1 144 DYT3 144 DYX1 73 DYX2 73 DYX3 73 DYX5 73 DYX6 73 E2F4 31, 51, 79, 109, 154, 180 EB-1 109 EBAG9 30, 31, 83, 133, 140 EBNA1BP2 75 ECA1 82 ECE1 51, 79 ECGF1 30, 31, 51, 129 ED1 118, 166 EDN1 110 EDN2 98 EDNRA 31, 42, 51, 132, 134, 174, 64, 98, 108 EEC2 48 EEF1A2 31 EEF2 8, 31 EFMR 82 EFNA1 31, 51, 110, 118, 157 EFNB2 51 EGF 31, 110, 133 EGFR 31, 51, 110, 133, 167 EGI 82 EGI14 82 EGR1 8, 31, 110, 133 EIF2S1 8, 31, 110, 118 EIF3S3 31, 154 EIF3S6 31, 133 EIF4A1 90, 118 EIF4A2 88, 112 EIF4E 31, 51, 110 EIM 82 EJM1 82 EJM2 82 ELAC2 154 ELAVL2 133, 167 ELAVL3 77 ELAVL4 167 ELF3 31, 110, 154 ELL 109 ELN 110 ELOVL4 113 EMP1 31 EMS1 31 ENC1 51 ENFL2 82 ENG 31, 51, 110, 118, 133, 154 ENO1 31, 110, 111 ENO2 31, 110, 133, 167 ENO3 110 ENPEP 8, 157 ENPP1 64, 132 ENPP2 110, 118, 133, 160 ENTPD1 93, 109, 112, 118 ENUR1 81 ENUR2 81 EP300 31, 51, 109 EPAS1 30, 31, 133, 157 EPB41 114 EPB41L3 133 EPD 82 EPHA2 31, 51, 110, 157, 118, 133, 154 EPHA3 118, 133, 157, 167 EPHA4 31 EPHB2 167 EPHX1 30, 46, 76, 90, 110 EPM2A 82 EPO 4, 31, 92, 110, 133, 167 EPOR 31, 109 EPPS 82 EPS15 109 EPX 18, 31, 78, 180 ERBB2 26, 30, 31, 154, 167, 176, 51, 110, 133 ERBB3 31, 51, 110, 154, 166, 118, 133, 140 ERBB4 31, 51, 154 ERCC1 42, 51, 109, 133 ERCC2 27, 83, 110, 118 ERCC5 110 ERCC6 110 EREG 30, 51, 140, 154 ERG 42, 109 ERN1 8 ERN2 103 ERVWE1 4, 8, 92, 123 ESR2 31, 110 ESRRA 31 ETS1 31, 51, 110 ETS2 31, 42, 51, 70, 90, 154 ETV4 31, 110, 133 EVI1 109 EVPL 83 EXO1 51 EXTL3 31, 51 EYA1 37, 60 EYA4 60 EZH2 109, 112, 154 F10 172 F11 109, 127, 172 F12 88, 172 F13A1 48, 49, 56 F2 8, 31, 51, 133, 64, 105, 132 F2R 31, 172 F2RL1 31 F3 4, 8, 31, 133, 51, 64, 132 F5 53, 103, 127, 168, 172 F7 64, 127, 132, 172 F8 87 F9 87 FAAH 31 FABP1 154 FABP2 53, 64, 97, 105, 132, 134 FABP3 31, 127 FABP4 30, 176 FABP5 30, 155 FABP7 31 FACL4 51 FADD 51, 64, 105, 133 FADS1 134 FADS2 31, 109, 113 FANCA 31 FAP 118 FASN 31, 51, 110, 152, 154, 180 FBL 90, 160 FBLN5 31, 51, 112, 157 FBN1 14 FBN2 14 FBP1 64, 132 FBXW7 31, 79 FCAR 18, 92 FCER2 18, 20, 88, 123, 160, 92, 109, 111 FCGR1A 112 FCGR2A 123 FCGR2B 111, 112, 118 FCGR3A 4, 111 FCGR3B 18, 111, 161, 171 FDXR 51 FES 31, 109, 110, 112, 118 FGA 9, 21, 172 FGB 52, 53, 98, 127, 146, 172 FGF1 31, 53, 64, 109, 154 FGF3 31, 110, 167 FGF5 31, 154, 157 FGF6 154 FGF8 31, 154 FGFR1 8, 31, 51, 133 FGFR2 30, 31, 79, 154 FGFR3 30, 42, 51, 109, 122, 176 FGFR4 31, 51, 150 FGG 172 FGL2 88 FH 157 FHIT 31, 42, 110, 133 FHL2 31, 154 FIGF 31, 51, 110 FIMG1 124 FKBP1A 92 FKBP1B 186 FKBP4 31 FKBP5 154 FLG 155, 160 FLJ11383 51 FLJ14813 171 FLJ22795 51, 110 FLT1 31, 51, 110, 133 FLT3 109 FLT3LG 16, 109, 111, 112, 157, 160 FLT4 31, 51, 90, 133, 154, 109, 110, 112 FMR1 24, 84 FMR2 84 FN1 31, 51 FOLH1 154 FOLR2 109 FOS 8, 31, 92, 110, 123, 133 FOSB 31 FOSL1 31, 42, 51, 83, 110, 167 FOSL2 31 FOXA2 64, 132 FOXN1 6 FOXP3 64, 105 FPEVF 82 FPGS 51, 109 FPR1 92 FPRL1 8 FRAT1 31, 42, 83 FRDA 64, 132 FRK 31 FRZB 31 FSHB 30, 92, 102, 150 FSHR 102 FST 107, 150 FTH1 31 FTL 8, 37, 144 FURIN 31, 51, 92, 110 FUS 109 FUT1 51 FUT3 51 FUT4 110 FUT7 110, 133 FUT8 51, 138 FVT1 112 FXYD3 31 FY 114, 162 FYN 92, 109, 112, 157 FZD10 51 FZD5 109, 160 G22P1 30, 31, 42, 109, 111 G6PC 64, 132 G6PD 8, 31, 51, 64, 86, 132 G72 162 GABBR1 82 GABRA1 82 GABRA3 29, 47, 82, 123 GABRA5 29 GABRB3 24, 29, 49 GABRG2 82 GABRG3 24 GAD1 8, 64, 82, 105, 144, 162 GAD2 64, 66, 82, 174, 105, 132, 162 GADD45A 109, 110, 118 GADD45B 110 GADD45G 109, 110 GAL 8, 12, 57, 134, 150 GALK1 37 GALNT3 31, 51 GALT 79 GAP43 8, 10, 29, 62, 162 GAPD 8, 31, 51, 64, 105 GARP 31 GAS 51, 64, 132 GAS6 160 GASC1 83 GATA1 70, 171 GATA2 109 GATA3 31, 60, 92 GBX2 154 GC 64, 105, 123, 132 GCGR 64, 85, 98, 105, 132 GCK 64, 132 GCKR 64, 132 GCLC 51, 86, 109 GCNT2 37 GCSH 96 GFAP 4, 8, 123 GFPT1 64, 132 GFRA1 116 GFRA2 116 GFRA3 116 GGH 109 GHR 12, 31, 47, 107, 134, 154, 64, 90, 105 GHRHR 110, 150 GHRL 12, 64, 132, 134, 150, 154 GIPC2 51, 157 GIPR 57 GJA3 37 GJA4 31, 110 GJA8 37 GJB1 51 GJB2 30, 31, 60, 155, 79, 90, 118 GJB3 60 GJB6 60 GLDC 96 GLI 27, 112 GLI2 27 GLP1R 64, 132 GLUL 8, 90, 123 GNA11 150 GNAI2 110, 150, 186 GNAL 29, 162 GNAO1 8 GNAQ 8, 150 GNAS 57, 150, 154 GNAT2 113 GNB3 8, 29, 53, 127, 132, 134, 64, 65, 98 GNE 129 GNMT 90 GNRH2 31, 79 GNRHR 118, 154 GOLGA5 173 GOLGB1 92, 160 GP9 171 GPA33 51 GPC1 31 GPC3 31, 90 GPD2 64, 132 GPI 86, 160 GPR1 92 GPR15 4, 92 GPR2 5, 20, 118, 155 GPR30 31 GPR37 109 GPR44 20, 92 GPRK5 91, 98, 160 GPT 47, 88 GPX1 86, 110, 154 GPX4 102 GRB2 8, 31, 109 GRB7 31, 83 GRIA1 8, 77, 82, 162 GRIA2 8, 77, 82, 162 GRIA3 29, 77, 82 GRIA4 8, 77, 82 GRIK1 10, 70, 77, 82 GRIK2 82 GRIK3 77, 162 GRIK4 82, 162 GRIK5 82, 162 GRIN1 8, 10, 29, 62, 82, 162 GRIN2B 8, 77, 162 GRM2 162 GRM3 29, 162 GRM5 10, 162 GRM7 162 GRN 31 GRP 51, 71, 83, 110, 154, 167 GRP58 102 GRPR 31, 51, 110, 154 GSBS 95 GSE 38 GSK3A 90 GSN 9, 30, 31, 154, 58, 110, 133 GSR 8, 31, 51, 110, 167, 64, 86, 105 GSS 86 GSTA1 30, 51, 57, 154 GSTA2 31 GSTM1 31, 110, 133, 167 GSTM3 18, 27, 31, 51, 110, 123 GSTP1 31, 110, 133, 167 GSTT1 30, 31, 51, 110 GUCA2A 51, 106 GUCA2B 51, 151 GUCY2C 51, 83 GUSB 8, 31, 51, 110 GYPC 114 GYS1 64, 132, 134 GZMA 75, 92, 160 GZMB 31, 92 HADH2 8 HADHA 186 HAGH 157 HARS 92 HAS1 122 HAS2 154 HAS3 154 HBA1 7, 64, 105 HBA2 7, 163 HBB 28, 114, 163 HBD 163 HBG1 28 HBG2 28, 163 HBZ 7, 28 HCK 92, 109 HD 8, 51 HDAC1 31, 109 HDGF 83, 90 HDPA 93 HES1 31 HF1 30, 160 HFE 28, 47, 64, 88, 105, 144 HGFAC 51 HIC1 31, 51, 83, 133, 109, 110, 112 HIP1 51, 109, 154 HIST4H4 31, 84, 111 HK1 64, 86, 132 HK2 64, 132, 134 HLA-A 51, 64, 83, 118, 157, 162, 88, 92, 105 HLA-B 4, 8, 92, 123 HLA-C 42, 51, 64, 156, 118, 123, 155, 83, 92, 105 HLA-DMB 64, 105, 123, 160 HLA-DPB1 38, 48, 64, 123, 124, 160, 93, 105, 109 HLA-DQA1 64, 105, 132 HLA-DQB1 64, 105, 123, 132 HLA-DRA 123 HLA-DRB1 64, 88, 105, 160, 174, 111, 123, 156 HLA-DRB3 51, 56, 64, 123, 132, 92, 105, 111 HLA-DRB4 38, 47, 109, 125 HLA-DRB5 64, 105, 109, 123 HLA-E 59, 64, 77, 105, 123 HLA-G 92, 109, 112, 118, 157, 166 HLF 109 HLXB9 109 HMBS 26, 83, 112 HMGA1 31, 51, 110 HMGA2 79, 110 HMGB1 31, 90, 180 HMGCR 8, 31, 51, 132, 64, 95, 110 HMMR 31, 51, 109, 112, 122 HMOX1 8, 123, 127, 144, 157 HMOX2 155 HN 8 HNF4A 64, 90, 132 HNMT 18, 70, 72, 161, 162 HNRPA1 92, 109 HNRPA2B1 83, 92, 110, 167, 111, 133, 160 HOXA1 24, 31, 110 HOXA10 102, 109, 133 HOXA11 109, 171 HOXA13 109 HOXA3 109 HOXA4 109, 157 HOXA5 109 HOXA6 109 HOXA7 109, 110 HOXA9 109 HOXB2 109 HOXB3 109 HOXB4 109, 157 HOXB5 109, 157 HOXB6 51, 109 HOXB7 31, 109 HOXB8 51 HOXB9 157 HOXC11 157 HOXC4 27, 157, 166 HOXC5 42, 112 HOXC8 42, 51 HOXD11 109 HOXD13 109 HOXD3 110 HOXD4 157 HOXD8 64, 105 HP 31, 64, 92, 105, 141 HPCQTL19 154 HPCX 154 HPN 154 HPRT1 107, 109, 110, 118, 123 HPSE 83 HR 6 HRAS 30 HRASLS 31, 110, 118, 157 HRC 64, 132 HRG 4, 18, 46, 107, 127 HRH1 8, 18, 183 HRH2 8 HRH3 144 HSAJ2425 31, 109 HSD11B1 134 HSD11B2 3, 98 HSD17B1 31, 51, 154 HSD17B2 51, 79, 154 HSD17B3 154 HSD3B1 98, 154 HSD3B2 154 HSD3B7 45 HSF1 31, 154 HSF4 37 HSPA5 31, 51, 160 HSPA8 8, 31, 100 HSPB1 8 HSPCA 31, 112 HSPCB 31, 111 HSPD1 8, 64, 105 HSPG2 8, 31, 110, 133 HT 174 HTNB 98 HTR1A 8, 29, 62, 64, 132, 162 HTR1B 110, 120 HTR1D 120 HTR1F 73, 120 HTR2A 8, 12, 23, 120, 162, 24, 29, 62 HTR2B 120 HTR2C 29, 120, 162 HTR3A 29, 162 HTR6 8, 29, 162 HVEC 48 HYAL1 154 HYAL2 110, 133, 167 HYMAI 64 HYPLIP1 97 HYPLIP2 97 HYT1 98 HYT2 98 HYT3 98 IAPP 9, 58, 64, 132, 134 IBMPFD 61, 129, 139 IBSP 31, 51, 110, 122, 154 ICA1 64, 105 ICAM2 56, 92, 160, 180 ICAM3 56, 92, 93, 160, 174, 180, 111, 112, 123 ID1 31, 42, 79, 154, 83, 118, 141 IDDM1 64, 105 IDDM10 64, 105 IDDM11 64, 105 IDDM12 64, 105 IDDM13 64, 105 IDDM15 64, 105 IDDM17 64, 105 IDDM18 64, 105 IDDM2 64, 105 IDDM3 64, 105 IDDM4 64, 105 IDDM5 64, 105 IDDM6 64, 105 IDDM7 64, 105 IDDM8 64, 105 IDDMX 64, 105 IDE 8, 64, 132 IDS 84 IFNA1 4, 79, 88, 157, 92, 109, 118 IFNA2 51 IFNB1 4, 31, 51, 123, 133, 110, 115, 118, 77, 91, 92 IFNG 31, 42, 51, 178, 110, 133, 167 IFNGR1 47, 92, 111, 114, 125, 178 IFNGR2 125 IGES 18 IGF1 31, 51, 60, 133, 105, 110, 132, 64, 67, 92 IGF1R 31, 110, 118, 154 IGF2 4, 8, 31, 110, 132, 51, 64, 105 IGF2R 31, 51, 90, 110 IGFALS 47, 64, 105 IGFBP1 31, 51, 64, 105, 132 IGFBP2 31, 51, 64, 134, 105, 110, 132 IGFBP4 31, 51, 64, 154, 107, 110, 132 IGFBP5 31, 42, 64, 154, 79, 105, 107 IGFBP6 133, 154 IGFBP7 31, 154 IGSF4 31, 90, 110, 133, 154 IKBKB 64, 132 IL10 4, 8, 31, 133, 178, 110, 112, 123, 92, 105, 106, 35, 51, 64 IL10RA 133, 155 IL12A 20, 56, 92, 118, 123, 154 IL12B 64, 92, 105, 123, 154 IL13 4, 18, 31, 105, 123, 159, 51, 64, 92 IL13RA1 93, 175 IL13RA2 18, 175 IL15 31, 92, 110, 167 IL16 18, 56, 92, 112, 160 IL18 31, 51, 64, 92, 105, 123 IL1A 4, 8, 31, 133, 105, 110, 123, 75, 90, 92, 51, 61, 64 IL1B 31, 110, 167 IL1R1 64, 105, 135 IL1R2 135 IL1RL1 111 IL1RN 4, 8, 31, 132, 167, 110, 118, 123, 64, 92, 105 IL21R 112 IL24 104, 110, 118, 133 IL2RA 31, 51, 64, 133, 155, 167, 92, 105, 123 IL2RB 92, 109, 110, 118, 162 IL2RG 56, 77, 123 IL3 4, 8, 31, 109, 123, 133 IL3RA 92, 109 IL4 4, 8, 31, 133, 105, 110, 123, 51, 64, 92 IL4R 18, 64, 105, 112, 123, 157 IL5 31, 64, 92, 133, 105, 110, 123 IL6R 4, 31, 42, 127, 150, 112, 122, 123, 56, 77, 92 IL6ST 4, 8, 31, 92, 110, 133 IL7 51, 92 IL7R 92, 109 IL8 4, 31, 51, 110, 123, 133, 64, 92, 105 IL8RA 59 IL8RB 4, 92, 154, 155, 178 ILK 31, 65, 152, 154 ILVASC 6 IMP-1 31, 51 IMP-2 47, 90 INA 109, 112 ING1 31, 83, 118 INHBB 102 INPPL1 64, 132 INS 8, 64, 85, 132, 134, 92, 98, 105 INSM1 110 INSR 8, 31, 64, 132, 134, 85, 105, 129 IPF1 64, 132 IRF1 110, 133 IRF2 123 IRF4 122 IRS1 64 IRS2 31, 64, 85, 132, 134 IRTA1 112, 122 ISGF3G 31, 109, 118 ISL1 64, 132, 134 ITGA11 133 ITGA2 31, 51, 110, 127, 169, 171 ITGA2B 53, 64, 127, 154, 171 ITGA3 31, 51, 79, 118, 154 ITGA4 31, 92, 123 ITGA5 35, 51, 90, 133, 118, 155, 109, 112, 122 ITGA6 27, 31, 51, 175, 154, 160, 166, 90, 110, 142 ITGA7 129 ITGA9 110, 133, 167 ITGAL 4, 51, 92, 123 ITGAM 4, 8, 31, 92, 123 ITGAX 92 ITGB1 4, 31, 51, 167, 110, 123, 133, 64, 92, 105 ITGB2 92, 123 ITGB3 40, 41, 51, 172, 127, 154, 171, 102, 111, 118, 53, 67, 92 ITGB5 31 ITGB7 64, 105, 109, 112, 122 ITM2B 61 IVL 31, 42, 75, 155, 83, 110, 133 IVNS1ABP 104 JAG1 42, 60 JAG2 42, 83, 122 JAK1 31, 122, 154, 157 JAK2 31, 51, 109, 154, 122 JAK3 20, 109, 112, 157 JRK 82 JUN 8, 31, 51, 110, 123, 133 JUNB 31, 92, 93, 109, 112 JUP 31, 51, 118, 133 KAI1 30, 31, 42, 133, 154, 51, 83, 110 KCNA1 31 KCNA5 21 KCNE1 21 KCNH1 31, 42 KCNJ11 64, 132 KCNJ2 21 KCNJ3 31, 64, 132 KCNJ6 64, 70, 132 KCNJ8 53 KCNJ9 64, 132 KCNN3 29, 162 KCNN4 58 KCNQ1 21, 60 KCNQ2 82 KCNQ3 82 KCNQ4 60 KIAA1199 60 KIR2DL1 92, 155 KIR3DL1 4 KISS1 31, 118 KIT 31, 51, 92, 167, 109, 110, 183 KITLG 31, 51, 92, 110, 133, 167 KL 107, 136, 157 KLF1 28 KLF4 31, 51, 152 KLF5 31, 53, 154 KLHL4 49 KLK1 79, 98, 141 KLK10 31, 154 KLK11 154 KLK13 31 KLK2 154 KLK3 31, 107, 154 KLK4 154 KLK5 31, 154 KLK6 8 KLK8 8 KLKB1 107 KLRB1 123 KLRC1 92, 118 KLRD1 59, 92, 102, 118 KRAS2 51 KRT13 30, 42 KRT14 31, 110 KRT17 42 KRT18 31, 47, 110, 133 KRT20 31, 51, 110, 154 KRT7 31, 45, 47, 110 KRT8 47 KRTHB1 31 L1CAM 49, 118 LAF4 109 LAMA1 8, 51, 67, 110 LAMA3 110 LAMA5 110 LAMB1 51, 154 LAMB2 154 LAMB3 133, 154 LAMC2 51, 83, 133, 166 LAMP1 51, 118 LAMP2 51, 118 LAMP3 31, 51, 83 LAMR1 31, 51, 110, 118, 133 LASP1 31 LAT 160 LBP 133 LCAT 64, 95, 97, 132 LCK 51, 64, 75, 167, 109, 110, 157, 83, 92, 105 LCN1 58, 110 LCN2 17, 51, 56, 69, 103, 180 LCO 90 LCP1 31, 112, 154 LCS1 45 LDHA 31 LDLR 51, 64, 95, 110, 132 LEF1 51, 112, 118 LEP 31, 64, 85, 133, 134, 92, 105, 132 LEPR 12, 31, 33, 134, 109, 150, 105, 64, 92, 110 LGALS1 30, 31, 51, 110, 154 LGALS3 31, 51, 110, 133 LGALS3BP 31, 88, 92, 133, 106, 110, 112 LGI1 82 LHX2 109 LIG4 31, 109, 122 LILRB1 59, 92 LILRB2 160 LIM2 37 LIPC 53, 64, 97, 105, 132 LIPE 64, 97, 132, 134 LMNA 21, 31, 42, 129, 133, 154, 51, 83, 110 LMNB1 31, 42, 51, 83, 133, 154 LMO1 109 LMO2 109, 110 LMOD1 174 LOC90925 109 LOH11CR2A 31, 110 LOR 142 LOST1 110 LOX 31 LPA 8, 52 LPL 8, 64, 105, 132 LPP 109, 110 LRP1 8, 31, 53, 118, 154 LRP2 8 LRP5 64, 105, 136 LRPAP1 8 LTA 31, 51, 64, 127, 110, 132, 105, 92, 123 LTB 47, 88, 160 LTB4R 92 LTC4S 18, 109, 165 LTF 4, 8, 31, 92 LUC7L 7 LUM 31, 42 LY75 31 LYL1 109 LYN 35, 51, 109, 112 LYZ 9 LZTS1 31, 83, 133, 154 MAD 110, 166 MAD1L1 112, 154 MAD2L1 31, 109, 112 MADCAM1 56, 103, 109, 112, 180 MADH1 31, 152 MADH3 31, 51, 56, 83, 152, 180 MADH4 31, 110, 133, 140, 151 MADH5 51, 109 MADH6 90 MADH7 56, 90, 180 MAF 37, 122 MAG 24, 123 MAGEA10 118 MAGEA3 30, 31, 110, 118 MAGEA4 83, 110, 118 MAGEC1 118 MAGEE1 118 MALT1 110, 112, 166 MAOA 8, 13, 23, 144, 162, 24, 29, 62 MAOB 8, 10, 23, 162, 24, 29, 144 MAP1B 8 MAP2 8, 82, 118, 144, 162 MAP2K1 8, 31, 51, 110 MAP2K3 46, 137, 154 MAP2K4 31, 51, 154 MAP2K5 154 MAP2K6 8 MAP3K1 79, 154 MAP3K3 90 MAP3K4 31 MAP3K8 31 MAP4 31 MAPK1 31, 51, 110 MAPK10 8 MAPK11 154 MAPK14 31, 51, 64, 132 MAPK3 8, 31, 51, 92, 133, 167 MAPK6 154 MAPK8 31 MAPK8IP1 64 MAPKAPK2 31 MAPKAPK3 110 MAPT 8, 61, 70, 144 MAT1A 90 MAT2A 90 MATK 31 MATN3 135 MAX 31 MAZ 135 MBD1 51, 110 MBD2 31, 51, 154 MBD4 51 MBL2 4, 58, 88, 92, 114, 163 MBP 4, 8, 24, 61, 123 MC1R 27, 118, 154, 166 MC2R 3 MC3R 134 MC4R 12, 33, 134 MCC 31, 51, 83, 110, 152 MCP 91, 110, 123 MDK 8, 51, 71, 106, 110 MDM1 60 MDM2 31, 51, 110, 133 MDS1 109 ME1 31 MEAX 129 MEBA 82 MECP2 24, 133 MEF2A 52 MEFV 9 MEIS1 109 MEN1 31, 36, 110, 167 MEP1A 51 MEST 31, 51, 110 MET 90, 157 MFGE8 31 MFI2 8, 118 MGAT3 47, 90 MGAT5 51, 88, 90, 118 MGP 127 MGR1 120 MGR2 120 MGR3 120 MGR4 120 MGR5 120 MGR6 120 MGST1 110 MHC2TA 64, 77, 92, 123, 160, 167, 105, 110, 112 MIA 51, 118, 157 MICA 1, 38, 56, 166, 178, 180, 64, 105, 155 MIP 37 MIPS 127 MITF 60, 118 MJD 82, 144 MKKS 53 MKL1 109 MLANA 110, 118, 157, 166 MLC1 61, 162, 184 MLF1 109 MLH1 31, 51, 103, 166, 110, 133, 151 MLH3 51 MLLT1 109 MLLT10 109, 112 MLLT2 109 MLLT3 109 MLLT4 109 MLLT6 109 MLLT7 109 MLN 64, 66 MLN51 31 MME 8, 110, 133, 167 MMP1 31, 51, 110 MMP10 31, 51, 67, 166 MMP12 46, 51 MMP13 14, 31, 42, 160, 166, 83, 118, 135 MMP15 90 MMP16 118 MMP2 4, 8, 10, 144, 167, 123, 132, 133, 64, 110, 118, 31, 51, 61 MMP26 79, 110, 154 MMP3 31, 51, 56, 123, 167, 180 MMP8 118, 160 MMP9 31, 51, 110, 112, 133 MNT 31 MOBP 123 MOG 24, 123 MPD1 129 MPD2 129 MPG 31, 42, 102 MPL 171 MPO 8, 110, 123, 167 MPRM 129 MPZ 112 MRE11A 31, 112 MRPL28 118 MRXE 82 MS4A1 92 MS4A2 18 MSF 31, 109 MSH2 31, 51, 79, 151, 154, 106, 112, 138 MSH3 31, 51, 79, 152, 109, 167, 83, 133 MSH6 51, 138, 151 MSLN 31, 42, 51, 79, 83, 110 MSMB 154 MSN 70, 92, 160 MSR1 8, 97, 154 MSSE 27 MST1 110, 157, 167 MST1R 31, 51, 110, 133 MSX1 48, 49 MT1B 31 MT1E 31, 154 MT1X 30, 31, 154 MT2A 31, 135, 154 MT3 8, 31, 154 MTA1 31 MTAP 109, 110, 133 MTATP6 88 MTBS1 178 MTBSX 178 MTCO2 8, 51, 100, 129 MTCP1 109 MTHFR 8, 31, 51, 132, 53, 64, 110 MTM1 129 MTND5 8, 129, 144 MTNR1A 8 MTP 95 MTR 51, 70 MTRR 70, 117 MUC1 31, 110, 133 MUC3A 56, 180 MUC4 26, 51, 106, 110, 133, 141 MUC5B 58, 110, 133 MUC6 26, 31, 51, 56, 110 MUC8 102, 110, 165 MUSK 124 MVK 90 MX1 88, 104, 123, 143, 159 MXI1 154, 167 MYAS1 124 MYBL1 35, 109, 112 MYBL2 154 MYBPC3 129 MYCL1 30, 31, 42, 122, 133, 51, 83, 110 MYCN 110, 167 MYF6 129 MYH2 129 MYH6 100, 129 MYH7 100, 129 MYH9 60 MYL2 100, 129 MYL3 100 MYL4 127 MYLK2 129 MYO15A 60 MYO18B 110 MYO1A 60 MYO1G 109 MYO3A 60 MYO6 60 MYO7A 60 MYOD1 31, 51 MYST3 109 N33 51, 110, 154 NAP1 107 NBL1 31 NBS1 31, 109, 112 NCAM1 8, 24, 31, 133, 167, 51, 92, 110 NCAM2 70 NCF1 134 NCF2 8, 56, 64, 132 NCKAP1 8 NCL 92, 109, 111 NCOA1 31 NCOA2 31, 109, 154 NCOA3 31, 79, 109, 154 NCOA4 31, 154, 173 NCOR1 31 NCOR2 31, 109 NCSTN 8 NDP 60 NDRG1 51 NDUFV2 144 NEB 129 NEDD5 8, 109 NEF3 8, 10, 144 NEFH 10 NEFL 8, 10, 31, 154, 70, 61, 123 NEK4 31 NES 118 NEUROD1 64, 105, 132 NEUROG3 64, 132 NF1 31, 51, 110, 118, 167 NFKB1 31, 92, 133 NFKB2 31, 109, 112, 122 NFKBIA 31, 51, 92, 110, 133 NFKBIL1 123, 160, 180 NGFB 8, 123, 154 NGFR 8, 31, 92, 123, 144 NHLRC1 82 NID 67 NIDDM2 64 NIDDM3 64 NISCH 98 NKX3-1 154 NLGN3 24 NLGN4 24 NMB 51 NME1 31, 90, 110, 133 NME2 51, 110, 118 NMT1 30, 51, 92 NMTC1 173 NOL1 31, 51, 110, 154 NONO 157 NOS1 8, 10, 18, 98, 144 NOS2A 4, 8, 31, 114, 132, 133, 98, 105, 110, 64, 88, 92, 51, 58, 61 NOS3 8, 31, 54, 64, 110, 132 NOTCH1 42, 51, 109, 167 NOV 3, 31, 154, 157 NP 18, 109, 112, 174 NPHP1 107 NPPA 64, 98, 105, 132, 167 NPPC 107 NPR3 51, 98 NPY 8, 31, 64, 92, 132 NPY2R 82 NPY5R 134 NQO1 8, 30, 31, 133, 154, 182, 51, 109, 110 NR0B1 3 NR0B2 64, 132, 134 NR1I2 31 NR2C1 31, 142, 163 NR2F1 3, 57 NR2F2 3, 31, 57 NR2F6 31 NR3C1 4, 8, 31, 167, 110, 132, 134, 57, 64, 92 NR3C2 57, 98 NR4A1 31, 110 NR4A2 29, 144, 162 NR5A1 3, 150 NRAS 51 NRG1 8, 31, 123, 154, 162 NRIP1 31 NRP1 154 NRP2 36 NSEP1 31, 133 NSF 162 NTF3 8, 10, 118, 154, 162 NTF5 10 NTRK1 8, 31, 116, 167, 173 NTRK2 8, 10, 154, 162 NTRK3 8, 109, 116, 157 NTS 8, 110, 144, 154, 162, 167 NUFIP1 84 NUMA1 51, 109 NUP153 80, 149 NUP214 92, 109 NUP88 31, 47, 51, 154, 90, 93, 110 NUP98 109 OADIP 135 OAS2 88, 109, 118, 122 OASD 60 OASF 135 OATL1 157, 171 OB10P 134 OB10Q 134 OB4 134 OCLN 56, 74, 92, 180 OGDH 8 OGG1 51, 83, 110, 133, 154, 157 OGT 51 OLIG2 109 OLR1 8, 172 OMG 24, 123 OPHN1 51 OPLAH 110 OPRD1 8, 92, 144 OPRK1 8, 92 OPRM1 8, 144 OQTL 134 OR51E2 154 ORC5L 109 ORM1 31, 110 ORM2 31, 110 OSM 31, 92, 110, 154, 118, 122, 133 OSMR 31 OTOA 60 OTOF 60 OXT 4, 110, 123, 167 OXTR 31 P2RX7 109 P2RY12 172 P2RY2 58 P8 31, 141 PABPC1 55 PACE4 31, 92, 110 PADI4 160 PAEP 79, 102 PAH 162 PAK1 31 PAM 110, 123, 154 PAPPA 53, 70 PARK10 144 PARK11 144 PARK2 61, 144 PARK3 144 PARK4 144 PARK6 144 PARK8 144 PARK9 144 PAWR 8, 10, 144, 154, 157 PAX2 157 PAX3 60, 118 PAX4 64, 132 PAX5 112 PAX6 30, 37, 51, 64 PAX7 110 PBCA 64, 105 PBOV1 30, 31, 51, 110, 154 PBP 154 PBX1 109 PCAF 31 PCAP 154 PCBC 154 PCBD 51 PCC 37 PCK1 64, 132 PCM1 173 PCMT1 8, 37 PCNA 8, 31, 51, 133 PCSK1 31, 64, 92, 150, 167, 110, 132, 134 PCSK2 24, 64, 110, 132, 167 PCSK7 112 PCSK9 95 PDB 139 PDB3 139 PDB4 139 PDCD1 111 PDCD8 112, 133 PDE4D 168 PDE5A 30, 176 PDGFA 31 PDGFB 31, 51 PDGFRA 27, 106, 109, 166 PDGFRL 51, 89, 90, 133, 154 PDPK1 64, 132 PDYN 24, 29, 46, 62, 162 PEA15 64, 132 PECAM1 31, 47, 56, 163, 174, 180, 135, 157, 160, 123, 127, 133, 109, 110, 118 PEPD 31 PFC 119 PFKL 29, 86 PFKM 64, 132 PFN1 31 PGA5 22, 145 PGAM2 129 PGC 31, 145 PGF 51, 70, 110, 118, 157 PGGT1B 30, 31, 110 PGK1 16, 86, 144 PHB 31 PHF11 18 PHKA1 109 PI 47, 76 PI3 31, 128, 155 PIAS3 112 PICALM 109 PIGR 51, 110 PIK3CA 42, 110, 133, 138 PIK3R1 31, 51, 64, 93, 132 PIM1 112, 154 PIN1 8 PIP 31, 139 PITPNM1 113 PITX3 37 PKD1 31 PKLR 64, 132 PKM2 31, 51, 106, 157, 110, 133, 142 PLA2G10 51 PLA2G2A 51, 118, 141, 152, 154 PLA2G7 4, 18, 41 PLAB 31, 154 PLAGL1 31, 64 PLAT 31, 51, 64, 133, 152, 123, 132, 134, 92, 105, 110 PLAU 8, 31, 51, 133, 152, 92, 110, 123 PLAUR 31, 51, 92, 110, 123, 133 PLCB1 167 PLCB3 36 PLCD1 8, 29, 51, 54, 152 PLCG1 29, 31, 51, 152 PLCL1 110, 133, 167 PLD1 31, 51 PLD2 31, 51, 157 PLEC1 92, 154 PLK 51, 83, 110, 112, 133 PLP1 123 PLTP 64, 76, 105, 146, 132, 134 PLU-1 31 PMS1 51, 151 PMS2 51, 79, 118, 151, 154 PNCA1 140 PNMT 8, 98, 144 PNOC 162 POLB 30, 31, 51, 109, 110, 154 POLG 102 POLK 133 POMC 4, 8, 31, 167, 132, 110, 123, 134, 64, 92, 105 PON1 41, 52, 53, 132, 105, 144, 95, 64, 127 PON2 41, 52, 53 POR 3, 31, 110 POU3F4 60 POU4F3 60 PPARA 30, 64, 97, 132, 154 PPARD 51, 95 PPARGC1 64, 132, 134 PPID 31, 154 PPM1D 31, 154 PPND 61, 144 PPP1CC 31 PPP1R15A 118 PPP1R3A 51, 64, 132, 133, 167 PPP2CB 31 PPP2R1B 31, 51, 110 PRCC 157 PRDM2 31, 51, 79, 90, 110, 112 PRDX1 8, 70, 109 PREP 8 PRF1 14, 51, 88, 92, 122, 123 PRG2 18, 174 PRKAA2 64, 132 PRKAG2 129, 144 PRKAR1A 31, 57, 111, 150, 154, 173 PRKCA 8, 31, 51, 150, 64, 110, 132 PRKCD 154, 157 PRKCE 8, 31, 51, 154, 167, 92, 110, 133 PRKCG 8, 31, 51, 154 PRKCL1 8 PRKCM 31, 110, 167 PRKCQ 64, 109, 132, 134 PRKCZ 8, 31 PRKDC 51, 109 PRKN 144 PRKR 8, 31, 51, 118, 187, 91, 92, 109 PRL 4, 12, 31, 105, 111, 123, 51, 64, 92 PRLR 31, 150, 154 PRM1 102 PRM2 102 PRND 8 PRNP 8, 61 PRODH 162 PROM1 109 PROMM 129 PROS1 172 PROZ 41 PRSS1 51, 141 PRSS2 141 PRSS8 31, 154 PRTN3 56, 58, 92, 180, 109, 111, 160 PRY 102 PSDA 24 PSEN1 8, 9, 39, 70, 61 PSEN2 8, 61 PSG1 70 PSMB8 64, 105, 118, 174 PSMB9 64, 105, 118, 174 PSORS1 155 PSORS2 155 PSORS3 155 PSORS4 155 PSORS5 155 PSORS6 155 PSORS7 155 PTAFR 18, 31, 50, 51, 118 PTCH 27, 30, 31, 83, 166 PTCH2 27 PTCPRN 173 PTCRA 31 PTEN 31, 51, 79, 167, 173, 110, 133, 154 PTGER2 42, 79 PTGER4 30, 42, 51, 79 PTGES 51 PTGIS 98, 127 PTGS1 31, 51, 133 PTH 3, 4, 31, 136, 98, 110, 132, 51, 64, 92 PTHLH 31, 110, 133 PTHR1 136 PTK2B 31, 167 PTK6 31, 51 PTMA 31, 51, 110 PTN 31, 118, 133, 141, 154, 167 PTOV1 154 PTPN1 8, 31, 64, 134, 83, 98, 132 PTPN13 154 PTPN6 31, 35, 93, 109, 112 PTPRA 31, 154 PTPRC 64, 92, 105, 123 PTPRF 31, 134 PTPRG 31, 110, 157 PTPRJ 31, 51, 56, 110 PTPRN 64, 85, 105 PTPRN2 64, 105 PTTG1 31, 51, 110, 150 PURA 92, 109 PVR 51 PVRL1 48, 91 PXN 31, 51, 83, 167, 118, 92, 154 PYGM 31, 113, 150 RAB3A 8 RABEP1 109 RAC1 31, 51 RAD50 42, 51 RAD51 31, 154 RAD51A 31 RAD51C 31 RAD51L1 110 RAD52 31 RAD54B 93, 112 RAD54L 31, 51, 93, 112 RAG2 111 RAGE 118, 157, 176 RALA 30 RAN 154 RANBP17 109 RAP1A 110, 154 RARG 31 RASA1 27, 51, 110 RASSF1 30, 31, 110, 133, 157, 167 RB1 30, 31, 51, 110, 167, 133 RB1CC1 31 RBBP1 31 RBL2 31, 35, 79, 110, 112, 133 RBM15 109 RBM5 110, 133, 167 RBM6 110, 167 RBP1 31, 79, 107, 166 RBP1L1 31, 51, 110 RCBTB1 109 RCCP3 157 RCV1 110, 167 RDS 113 RDX 110, 160 REA 31 RECK 90 RECQL 51 REG1A 51, 141 REL 31, 92, 93, 112 RELA 8, 31, 92, 110 RELN 24, 29, 83, 162 REN 8, 64, 65, 105, 132 REST 167 RET 116, 173 RETN 64, 132, 134 RFC3 51 RFH1 98 RFP2 109 RGS4 162 RHD 86 RIL 136 RLF 110, 167 RLN1 31 RLN2 31 RNASE1 141 RNASE2 92 RNASEL 154 RNF14 154 RNF7 51, 110, 133 ROBO1 31, 110, 157 ROCK1 90 RORA 31, 154 RPA1 31, 51, 110, 133 RPGR 60, 113 RPL13 31, 154 RPL19 31 RPL29 51 RPL30 90 RPN1 109 RPN2 51 RPS6 110, 157 RPS6KA1 110, 133 RPS6KA3 110, 167 RPS6KB1 31 RRAD 31, 64, 132, 134 RRAS 31 RRAS2 31 RSN 93 RTN1 110 RUNX1 109, 160 RUNX2 136, 154 RXRB 162, 166 RXRG 133 RYR1 129 RYR2 169, 186 S100A1 157 S100A2 31, 118, 133 S100A6 118, 51 S100A7 31, 155 S100A9 56, 58, 155, 180 S100B 8, 61 S100P 31, 56, 154, 180 SAA1 9, 160 SAFB 31 SAH 98, 134 SARDH 90 SAT 31, 118, 133, 154, 167, 180 SC5DL 134 SCA2 123 SCA7 113 SCABD 60 SCARB1 3 SCD 31, 51, 83 SCG2 8, 36, 160 SCG3 154 SCGB1A1 18, 154 SCGB1D2 31, 154 SCGB2A2 31 SCGB3A1 31 SCGB3A2 18 SCN10A 123 SCN1A 82 SCN1B 82 SCN4A 154 SCN5A 34, 185 SCO2 100, 129 SCP2 3 SCT 24 SCTR 140 SCYE1 118 SCZD1 162 SCZD10 162 SCZD11 162 SCZD2 162 SCZD3 162 SCZD4 162 SCZD5 162 SCZD6 162 SCZD7 162 SCZD8 162 SCZD9 162 SDC1 31, 42, 51, 122, 90, 110, 112 SDC2 24 SDHD 36, 60, 106 SE20-4 111, 112 SEL1L 31 SELE 4, 31, 51, 132, 133, 105, 110, 123, 64, 85, 92 SELL 4, 64, 92, 132, 105, 109, 123 SELP 31, 64, 92, 95, 105, 132 SELPLG 103, 109 SEMA3B 110, 133, 167 SEMA3C 110, 160 SEMA3F 110 SEPP1 51, 154 SERPINA1 47, 58, 90, 107, 110 SERPINA3 8, 31, 110 SERPINA5 172 SERPINA7 90, 92 SERPINB3 155 SERPINB5 31, 112, 154 SERPINE1 31, 110, 154 SERPINE2 8, 102 SERPINF1 10, 31, 67, 113 SERPINF2 40, 47, 52, 109, 127, 154 SERPING1 8, 74, 111, 112, 141, 160 SERPINH1 147 SERPINI1 61 SERPINI2 31 SET 109 SFN 31, 90 SFRP1 31, 51, 180 SFTPA1 110, 159 SFTPA2 137, 159 SFTPB 110 SFTPC 110 SFTPD 104, 159, 178 SFXN5 144 SGCD 100, 129 SH2D1A 16, 75, 88, 160, 101, 109, 112 SHBG 31, 64, 92, 134, 154, 98, 105, 132 SHC1 8, 31, 64, 132 SHFM1D 60 SHH 27, 49, 110, 166 SHOX 179 SI 26, 56, 74, 83 SIAH1 31, 51, 90, 154 SIAT6 31, 51 SIAT8A 118 SIAT8B 110, 133 SIAT9 30, 118, 176 SIL 109 SILV 118 SIM1 134 SIM2 70 SKP2 31, 51, 90, 109, 110, 112 SLC11A1 56, 178, 180 SLC16A1 51 SLC18A2 144, 162 SLC18A3 8 SLC19A1 31, 109 SLC19A2 64, 117 SLC1A1 10, 29, 82, 162 SLC1A2 8, 10, 82, 162 SLC1A3 8, 82 SLC22A1L 31, 110 SLC22A4 160 SLC25A1 162 SLC25A13 88 SLC26A3 51 SLC26A4 60, 173 SLC2A1 8, 31, 51, 133, 105, 110, 132, 64, 65, 92 SLC2A10 64, 132 SLC2A2 64, 105, 110, 132, 134 SLC2A3 8, 31, 92, 110, 133 SLC2A4 31, 64, 85, 134, 105, 106, 132 SLC2A5 31 SLC3A2 51 SLC4A1 8, 86, 114, 158 SLC4A4 158 SLC5A5 31 SLC5A7 8 SLC6A1 162 SLC6A14 134 SLC6A2 12, 23, 29, 62, 162 SLC6A3 23, 29, 144, 162 SLC6A4 8, 13, 23, 162, 120, 144, 153, 62, 70, 98, 24, 29, 53 SLC7A5 51 SLC9A1 65, 98, 109 SLEB1 111 SLEB3 111 SLEB4 111 SLEH1 86, 111 SLEN1 111 SLEN2 111 SLEN3 111 SLEV1 111 SLPI 18, 58, 76, 177, 92, 110, 133 SMAP1 16 SMARCA3 51, 83 SMARCA4 31, 110, 154 SMARCB1 157 SMN1 10 SMN2 10 SMO 27, 166 SMS 31, 109 SNAI1 31, 118 SNAP25 8, 23, 29, 62, 162 SNCA 8, 61, 70, 144 SNCAIP 144 SNCB 8, 31, 144 SNCG 8, 10, 31, 144 SNRPB 111, 118 SNRPN 111 SOAT1 134 SOCS3 56, 109, 112, 160 SOD1 8, 10, 31, 132, 51, 64, 105 SOD2 8, 10, 31, 110, 144, 51, 64, 105 SOD3 10 SORD 37 SOX13 64, 105 SOX4 31 SP1 31, 110 SP100 47, 91 SP3 123 SPA17 122 SPARC 31, 51, 69, 157, 83, 118, 154 SPARCL1 133 SPDEF 31, 154 SPG7 31, 51, 90 SPINK1 141 SPINK5 18, 20 SPINT1 31, 51, 90 SPINT2 110 SPN 8, 51, 92, 110 SPRR1B 110 SPRR3 83 SQSTM1 31, 139 SRA1 31 SRC 25, 31, 51, 109, 112, 180 SRD5A2 31, 154 SREBF1 64, 92, 132, 134 SREBF2 51, 95, 134, 154 SRF 31 SRI 112 SRP19 152 SRPX 51, 110 SRY 179 SS18 154, 157 SSA1 111, 133, 160 SSA2 111 SSB 111 SST 8, 64, 105, 132 SSTR1 31 SSTR4 154 SSTR5 29, 31, 51, 150, 154 SSX2 30, 31, 51, 157, 112, 118, 154, 79, 90, 110 ST14 31, 51 ST7 24, 31, 51, 83, 90 ST8 138 STARD3 31, 83 STAT1 31, 51, 92, 123, 125, 94, 109, 112 STAT2 31, 109, 118 STAT5A 92 STAT5B 92, 109 STAT6 18, 31, 160 STC1 31 STE 31 STK11 118, 140 STMN1 8, 31, 110 STRC 60 STS 31 SUCLA2 164 SULT1A1 31 SULT2A1 57 SULT2B1 31 SUSP1 112 SYBL1 29 SYCP1 31, 110, 112, 157 SYK 31, 109 SYN1 8, 162 SYN2 8, 162 SYN3 162 SYP 8, 10, 29, 61, 144, 162 TAC1 8, 31, 64, 92, 110, 167 TACC1 31 TACC3 122 TACR1 18, 56, 92, 160, 103, 120, 141 TACR2 56, 103, 160, 180 TAGLN 31 TAL1 109, 112 TAL2 109 TALDO1 123 TAM 70 TAP1 31, 64, 105, 167, 174, 110, 123, 133 TAT 47, 88, 90 TAZ 99, 129 TBX2 31 TBX22 49 TBXA2R 18, 110, 133 TBXAS1 98 TCAP 129 TCF1 64, 90, 105, 132, 157 TCF2 26, 64, 107, 132 TCF4 29, 162 TCF7 51, 64, 105, 112 TCL1A 4, 109, 112 TCL1B 112 TCL4 112 TCL6 109 TCO 173 TCP1 70 TCPT 171 TCRA 112 TCTA 109, 167 TDGF1 31, 42, 51, 133, 141 TECTA 60 TEK 4, 31, 90, 166, 110, 118, 133 TERC 16 TERF1 31, 109 TERT 31, 51, 110, 133 TF 8, 110, 123, 167 TFAM 88, 129 TFAP2A 51, 118, 154, 166 TFAP2C 31, 79 TFCP2 8, 92 TFE3 157 TFF2 26, 31, 145 TFF3 51 TFG 112 TFPI 64, 105 TFRC 8, 31, 51, 110, 123, 133, 64, 92, 105 TG 64, 92, 105, 123 TGFB2 8, 31, 51, 110, 114, 123 TGFB3 31, 51, 110 TGFBI 83 TGFBR2 30, 31, 42, 176, 151, 154, 167, 90, 110, 133, 51, 79, 83 TGFBR3 31 TGIF 83 TGM1 8, 133 TGM2 8, 31, 110, 133 TGM3 83 TGM4 154 TH 23, 24, 29, 134, 144, 162 THBD 31, 47, 51, 127, 132, 167, 110, 118, 123, 64, 92, 105 THBS2 31, 42, 51, 133, 83, 110, 127 THBS4 127 THC2 171 THPO 31, 110 THRA 150, 157 THRB 31, 133, 150, 154, 157, 167 THRSP 31 THY1 109, 160 TIA1 51, 92, 109 TIAM1 31, 70, 157 TIE 4, 31, 109, 118, 157, 166 TIEG 31, 154 TIF1 173 TIF1G 173 TIMM8A 60 TIMP2 31, 51, 110, 118 TIMP4 31 TIP47 42 TITF1 36, 110, 167 TJP1 31, 74, 77, 92, 140, 155 TJP2 31, 51, 154 TK1 31, 51 TK2 129 TKT 8 TLX1 109 TLX3 109 TM4SF2 109 TMC1 60 TMEFF2 30, 51, 154 TMIE 60 TMPRSS2 154 TMPRSS3 60 TMSB10 31, 51, 83, 154, 157 TNC 31, 51, 79, 154, 180, 98, 110, 118 TNDM 64 TNF 31, 35, 42, 133, 167, 110, 112, 114, 51, 79, 109 TNFRSF10A 31, 51, 110, 112 TNFRSF10C 51, 83, 110 TNFRSF10D 110 TNFRSF11A 139 TNFRSF11B 139 TNFRSF1B 31, 51, 64, 123, 134, 98, 105, 110, 92, 95, 97 TNFRSF5 8, 31, 35, 123, 133, 180, 92, 110, 112, 42, 56, 75 TNFRSF7 75, 92, 109, 123, 157, 111, 112, 118 TNFRSF8 92, 123 TNFRSF9 110, 160 TNFSF10 31, 51, 92, 133, 110, 122, 123 TNFSF11 31, 109, 112, 122, 154, 156 TNFSF12 111 TNFSF6 8, 26, 30, 123, 133, 92, 110, 111, 31, 51, 83 TNFSF7 92, 109, 112, 122 TNNC1 129 TNNI3 129 TNNT1 129 TNNT2 129 TNRC11 162 TOC 83 TOP1 31, 51, 109, 110, 133 TOP2B 110, 167 TP53 3, 4, 8, 167, 173, 123, 133, 140, 92, 110, 112, 31, 51, 90 TP73 31, 35, 51, 110, 112, 118, 59, 90, 109 TP73L 26, 27, 30, 110, 83, 48, 166, 42, 51 TPD52 31 TPH1 29, 62, 162 TPI1 86 TPK1 117 TPM1 100, 129, 154 TPM2 31, 110, 129 TPM3 112, 129 TPO 60, 61, 102, 174 TPT1 8, 18, 51, 70 TPX2 110 TRA1 8, 21, 51, 88, 90 TRAF1 75, 93, 109, 112 TRAF4 31 TRAPPC1 118 TRBV5-3 92 TRC8 157 TRDD3 109, 123 TRDV3 38, 92, 109, 157 TREM2 61 TRGV9 92, 114, 160, 166 TRHR 8, 150, 162 TRIP11 109 TRPM1 118 TRPV6 154 TSC1 30, 82, 110, 157 TSG101 31, 42, 79, 154, 90, 92, 109 TSG11 110 TSLP 20 TSN 109 TSP50 31 TSPY 154 TSPYQ1 102 TTC3 70 TTC4 31, 118 TTN 100, 124, 129 TTR 8, 9, 64, 105 TU3A 157 TUB 134 TUBB2 154 TULP1 79 TXN 31, 90, 92, 109, 133, 160 TXNRD3 90 TYMS 31, 51, 59, 133, 109, 110, 112 TYRO3 122 TYROBP 61 TYRP1 118 UAN 131 UBB 8, 70 UBC 157 UBE1L 110 UBE2B 102 UBE2I 110 UBE3A 24 UBM2 118 UBTF 90, 111, 160 UCHL1 36, 51, 110, 133, 144, 167 UCN 64, 134, 150 UCP1 134 UCP2 64, 132, 134 UCP3 64, 106, 132, 134 UFD1L 162 UGCG 92 UGT1A1 28, 31 UGT2B15 154 UMOD 122, 157 UMPK 51 UPK1A 74 UPK1B 30, 176 UPK2 30, 176 UPK3A 30, 139, 176 UPP1 31, 51 USF1 31 USF2 31 USH1C 60 USH3A 60 USP4 110, 167 USP9Y 102 UVM1 118 VCAM1 4, 31, 51, 112, 123, 132, 64, 92, 105 VCL 31, 51 VCY2 102 VDR 4, 31, 51, 154, 123, 132, 136, 64, 105, 109 VEGFC 31, 42, 83, 157, 110, 133, 154 VHL 157 VIL1 45 VIL2 79, 160 VIM 8, 31, 51, 110, 167 VIP 4, 8, 51, 110, 167, 133 VIPR1 92, 133, 154, 167 VIPR2 154 VLDLR 8, 31, 61 VMD2 113 VSNL1 8, 162 VSPA 179 VTN 8, 51 VWF 31, 53, 64, 132, 92, 103, 105 WAS 171 WDM 129 WEE1 47, 92 WFS1 29, 64, 105 WHN 6 WHSC1 9, 122 WHSC1L1 31, 109 WHSC2 92 WISP1 31, 51 WISP2 31, 51 WISP3 31, 51 WIT-1 109 WNT1 27, 31 WNT10B 31 WNT2 24, 31, 51, 69, 83 WNT3 31, 110 WNT3A 122 WNT7A 79, 110 WNT7B 30, 31, 83, 110 WNT8B 82 WRB 70 WRN 127 WSN 144 WT1 31, 110, 133 WTS 134 WWOX 31, 83, 122 XBP1 29 XCL1 56, 92 XK 29 XLKD1 31, 47 XPA 51, 110 XPC 24, 166 XRCC1 27, 31, 51, 83, 110, 166 XRCC2 31 XRCC3 30, 31, 118 XRCC5 31, 42, 51, 109, 122 YES1 51, 83, 118 YWHAG 118 YWHAH 162 YY1 92, 109 ZAP70 92, 118 ZFY 154 ZIC2 110, 167 ZNF145 109 ZNF147 31 ZNF151 51 ZNF198 112 ZNF217 31, 51, 154 ZNFN1A1 109, 112 ZNFN1A2 109 ZXDA 179 ZXDB 179 

1. An isolated nucleic acid, wherein the sequence of the nucleic acid consists of: (a) SEQ ID NO: 4277; (b) a DNA encoding (a), wherein the DNA is identical in length to (a); (c) a sequence at least 80% identical to (a) or (b); or (d) the complement of any one of (a)-(c), wherein the complement is identical in length to (a).
 2. An isolated nucleic acid, wherein the sequence of the nucleic acid consists of: (a) SEQ ID NO: 15666; (b) a DNA encoding (a), wherein the DNA is identical in length to (a); (c) a sequence at least 80% identical to (a) or (b); or (d) the complement of any one of (a)-(c), wherein the complement is identical in length to (a).
 3. An isolated nucleic acid, wherein the sequence of the nucleic acid consists of: (a) SEQ ID NO: 15667; (b) a DNA encoding (a), wherein the DNA is identical in length to (a); or (c) the complement of (a) or (b), wherein the complement is identical in length to (a).
 4. A vector comprising a heterologous sequence, wherein the heterologous sequence consists of the sequence of the nucleic acid of claim
 1. 5. A vector comprising a heterologous sequence, wherein the heterologous sequence consists of the sequence of the nucleic acid of claim
 2. 6. A vector comprising a heterologous sequence, wherein the heterologous sequence consists of the sequence of the nucleic acid of claim
 3. 7. A probe comprising a heterologous sequence, wherein the heterologous sequence consists of the sequence of the nucleic acid of claim
 1. 8. A probe comprising a heterologous sequence, wherein the heterologous sequence consists of the sequence of the nucleic acid of claim
 2. 9. A probe comprising a heterologous sequence, wherein the heterologous sequence consists of the nucleic acid of claim
 3. 